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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Stores DNA as chromosomes

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2
Q

Function of nuclear membrane

A

Surrounds nucleus

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3
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Surrounds cell. Controls what enters and leaves the cell and is selectively permeable

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4
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Made of cellulose. Surrounds cell. Made for protection and support

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5
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll which trap sunlight to make energy by photosynthesis

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6
Q

Function of the vacuole

A

Contains sap and is surrounded by the membrane

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7
Q

Function of chromosomes

A

Found in nucleus. Contains DNA from parents and pass this information on to next generation

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8
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like watery solution which contains cell organelles and dissolved proteins. Chemical reactions occur here

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9
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration occurs here

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10
Q

Method for observing cheek cells

A

1.Rub swab on inside of cheek to collect cells
2.Rub swab across slide to transfer cells
3.Add one drop drop of methylene blue stain to smear
4.Lower cover slip over cells using forceps
5.Observe cells under microscope

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11
Q

Method for observing onion cells

A

1.Peel a layer of onion epidermis using tweezers
2.Place cells on slide
3.Add 1-2 drops of iodine to stain cells
4.Lower cover slip over cells using forceps
5.Observe cells under microscope

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12
Q

What does selectively permeable mean

A

It allows useful substances e.g oxygen and glucose to enter cells and waste e.g urea and carbon dioxide to leave cells. It also prevents the passage of large molecules e.g proteins

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13
Q

Factors that affect the movement of substances into cells

A

1.Diffusion gradient
2.Permeable layer
3.Large surface area
4.Thin membrane
5.Temperature

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14
Q

How temperature affects movement of substances into cells

A

High temperature increases kinetic energy making molecules move faster

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15
Q

Diffusion definition

A

The random movement of gases or liquids from a high to low concentration down a diffusion gradient

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16
Q

What gases are involved in human respiration

A

Oxygen into blood cells and carbon dioxide out of blood cells

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17
Q

Where does respiration occur in humans

A

The alveoli

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18
Q

What gases are involved in plants photosynthesizing

A

Carbon dioxide into the leaf and oxygen out of the leaf

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19
Q

What gases are involved in plants respiring

A

Oxygen into the leaf and carbon dioxide out of leaf

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20
Q

What is involved in the absorption of food

A

Nutrients e.g glucose and amino acids

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21
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A
  • The larger the surface area the more oxygen can diffuse into the cells
    -As cells get bigger the surface area and volume increases
22
Q

What adaptation have been made in multi celled organisms to create a large surface area

A

Special gas exchange organs that create a large surface area e.g alveoli in lungs

23
Q

How is the problem solved of the gas exchange surface being far from body cells

A

A transport system is needed e.g the circulatory system

24
Q

Why are cells organised into tissues, organs and systems

A

1.Improves exchange with environment e.g oxygen and carbon dioxide
2.Helps with transport around the body e.g glucose
3. Helps communication between cells e.g nerve and muscle

25
Q

Cell definition

A

Basic unit of life e.g nerve cell

26
Q

Tissue definition

A

Cells with the same specialised structure and function grouped together

27
Q

Organ definition

A

Made up of different tissues to carry out a function

28
Q

System definition

A

Made up of different organs working to carry out a function

29
Q

Organism definition

A

Made up of different systems working together

30
Q

Function of nervous system and its main organs

A

-Responds to stimuli and makes responses
-Main organs are the brain, spinal cord and the receptors

31
Q

Function of reproductive system and its main organs

A

-Production of young
Main organs are the ovaries, uterus and testes

32
Q

Function of excretory system and its main organs

A

-Maintaining water levels and removing poisonous wastes
-Main organs are kidneys, urethra, ureter and bladder

33
Q

Function of circulatory system and its main organs

A

-Transports gases, nutrients and viruses around the body
-Main organs are the heart and blood vessels

34
Q

Magnification definition

A

The number of times the image is bigger than the actual size

35
Q

Magnification equation

A

Image/actual

36
Q

How to convert from metres to micrometres

A

X1000000

37
Q

How to convert from millimetres to micrometres

A

X1000

38
Q

How to convert from micrometres to millimetres

A

Divide by 1000

39
Q

How to convert from micrometres to metres

A

Divide by 1000000

40
Q

How to calculate the magnification of a microscope

A

Eyepiece mag X Objective mag

41
Q

What is a resolution

A

The ability a microscope has to distinguish detail

42
Q

Light microscope

A

-Magnification of x1500
-Resolution of 0.2 micrometres
-Can see large cell structures
-Uses light

43
Q

Electron microscope

A

-Beams of electrons pass through the specimen
-Can see cell structures in detail
-Magnification of X500000
-Resolution of 0.0001 micrometres apart

44
Q

What are stem cells

A

Simple unspecialised cells in plants and animals that have the ability to divide to form cells of a specific type

45
Q

Where are stem cells found

A

-The bone marrow of adults
-Umbilical cord/ placenta/ embryo

46
Q

What abilities do stem cells have

A

-They can continue dividing by cell division
-To differentiate into a wide variety of specialised cell types

47
Q

What 2 situations can embryonic stem cells be collected

A

-From embryos not being used for fertility treatment
-From the umbilical cord/ placenta during pregnancy

48
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants

A

The apical meristems (growing regions)

49
Q

Stem cells in medicine

A

-Chemotherapy and radiotherapy destroy white blood cells and stop bone marrow production
-A transplant of bone marrow containing stem cells from a matching healthy donor
-The stem cells divide and produce healthy blood cells in in the patient

50
Q

Negatives of stem cells

A

-No white blood cells means no immune system and more chance of infection
-Stem cells may divide in an uncontrolled way and produce tumours or unwanted cell types
-Religious reasons/ rights of unborn child

Biology (6 decks)

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