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Reuben's Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

only involves one parent, organisms are genetically identical to each other and their parent, rely on mutations for variations in DNA.

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2
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

the cell’s nucleus contains DNA. DNA is wound up tighly into chromosomes. Chromosomes contain many genes.

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

a length of dna is the ‘instruction’ how to make a protein - also called a gene

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4
Q

what is a diploid cell?

A

Diploid is a cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent.

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5
Q

what is a haploid cell?

A

(sex cells)
1 copy of each chromosome,
gametes (reproductive cells) are haploid

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6
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

production of new living organisms involving two parents,

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7
Q

what are gametes?

A

an organisms reproductive cells, they are made by meiosis

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8
Q

what is mitosis?

A

a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

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9
Q

what is meiosis?

A

form of cell division which produces four non-identical, haploid sex cells or gametes

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10
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

produces variation in offspring, disease is less likely to effect entire population, species can easily adapt to new enviroments.

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11
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

only one parent is needed, population can increase rapidly

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12
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

time and energy are needed to find a mate, not possible for to reproduce individally, slower

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13
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

does not lead to variation, disease may effecy entire population, cannot adapt easily to changes in enviroment.

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14
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes (egg and sperm) from two parents, resulting in offspring with genetic variation.

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15
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent, and offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

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16
Q

Give an example of an organism that reproduces sexually.

A

Humans, animals, and most plants reproduce sexually.

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17
Q

Give an example of an organism that reproduces asexually.

A

Bacteria and some plants (e.g., strawberries) reproduce asexually.

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18
Q

What is a bacterial growth curve

A

A bacterial growth curve is a graph that shows how the number of bacteria in a population changes over time.

19
Q

Name the four phases of the bacterial growth curve.

A

The four phases are lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.

20
Q

What happens in the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

In the lag phase, bacteria are adjusting to their environment and not dividin

21
Q

What happens in the log (exponential) phase of bacterial growth?

A

In the log phase, bacteria are dividing at a rapid rate, leading to exponential growth.

22
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Binary fission is the process by which bacteria and some other organisms reproduce asexually, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

23
Q

What happens to the DNA during binary fission?

A

The DNA is replicated, and then the cell splits into two, with each new cell receiving a copy of the DNA.

23
Q

Is binary fission a form of sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction.

23
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information. They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

23
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

24
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?

A

A chromosome consists of two chromatids connected by a centromere. Chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication.

25
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent). Humans have diploid cells for most of their body cells (46 chromosomes).

26
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes. Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are haploid, with 23 chromosomes in humans.

27
Q

Why is it important for gametes to be haploid?

A

Gametes need to be haploid so that when fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote has the correct diploid number of chromosomes.

28
Q

What does PMAT stand for in mitosis?

A

PMAT stands for Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, the four stages of mitosis.

29
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

During prophase, the chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.

30
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

During metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center (equator) of the cell.

31
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

During anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of t

32
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

During telophase, the chromatids reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cell begins to divide.

33
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.

34
Q

Why is fertilisation important?

A

Fertilisation restores the diploid number of chromosomes and creates genetic variation in offspring.

35
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in humans?

A

In humans, fertilisation usually occurs in the fallopian tubes.

36
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes.

37
Q

How many divisions occur in meiosis?

A

Two divisions occur in meiosis: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

38
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

The result of meiosis is four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

39
Q

How is genetic variation achieved in meiosis?

A

Genetic variation is achieved through processes such as crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes) and independent assortment (random distribution of chromosomes).

40
Q

How is meiosis different from mitosis?

A

Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically different haploid cells.

41
Q
A

Reuben's Biology (8 decks)

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