Reproduction

Question 1

Prokaryotes-Eukaryotes defined (animal examples)

Answer 1

prokaryotes - no nucleus, reproduce asexually
bacteria
Eukaryotes - has nucleus, primarily sexual reproduction
animals

Question 2

Sexual reproduction (definition & its advantages)

Answer 2

union of egg and sperm to create zygote
offspring with lots of variation (lottery hypothesis), can coevolve with other species (arms race), DNA repair (fixes mutations right before meiosis)

Question 3

Asexual reproduction (definition & its advantages)

Answer 3

single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical
don’t need to fing mate, little exposure to predation, can pass on 100% of genes so high fitness

Question 4

Hermaphrodites defined

Answer 4

Animals that can produce both egg and sperm and can sexually reproduce

Question 5

Two types of hermaphrodites (animal examples)

Answer 5

Simultaneous hermaphrodites: produce egg and sperm at the same time, can self-fertilize
e.g. banana slugs
successive hermaphrotidism: mature as one sex, transition to another
e.g. clown fish

Question 6

Lottery Hypothesis defined

Answer 6

the best practice is to have many offspring with a variety of different genes

Question 7

Parthenogenesis defined (animal example)

Answer 7

unfertilized egg can mature into an adult, no sperm needed
e.g. bees, mayflies, crayfish

Question 8

Coevolution Hypothesis defined (animal example)

Answer 8

animals with genetic variability will benefit when interacting with other organisms like predators
Bats and moths: Bats evolved echolocation to track prey in the dark.
Moths evolved ears to hear bat echolocation and avoid being eaten.

Question 9

Sex Determination in Mammals & Birds (2 types)

Answer 9

heterogametic: sex chromosomes differ (mammals=M, birds=F)
homogametic: sex chromosomes are the same (mammals=F, birds=M)

Question 10

Sex Determination by Temperature (animal example)

Answer 10

different temperatures hatch different sexes
e.g. crocodile, skink

Question 11

External vs Internal Fertilization defined (animal examples)

Answer 11

External: outside female’s reproductive tract
e.g. fish spawning, frogs
Internal: eggs fertilized in female’s reproductive tract
e.g. mammals

Question 12

Pros and Cons of External Fertilization

Answer 12

Pros: Females dont need to care for eggs, can ferilize large number, simple and fast
Cons: many eggs aren’t fertilized, many eaten

Question 13

Pros and Cons of Internal Fertilization

Answer 13

Pros: egg protected in mother, copulate anywhere, store eggs/sperm for later
Cons: pregnant female is vulnerable, mating can be dangerous for female

Question 14

K and r strategists defined (animal examples)

Answer 14

R: produce many offspring, unstable environment, rapid growth, short life. flood environment with offspring, hope some survive
e.g. rats
K: produce few offspring, stable environment, slow growth, long life. Better care for offspring
e.g. elephants