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BGS GCSE Biology Unit 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Which part of the reproductive system adds fluid to nourish sperm?

A

Prostate gland

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2
Q

Which part of the reproductive system produces sperm?

A

Testes

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3
Q

Which part of the reproductive system carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra?

A

Sperm tube

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4
Q

What is the function of the scrotum

A

A protective sac that holds the testes in place and keeps them cool

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5
Q

Which part of the reproductive system produces eggs (ova)?

A

Ovaries

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6
Q

Which part of the reproductive system is where fertilisation takes place?

A

Oviducts

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7
Q

Which part of the reproductive system widens during childbirth?

A

Cervix

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8
Q

Explain an adaption of a sperm cell and why it needs this to function

A

Flagellum - to help it swim towards an egg
Many Mitochondria - to provide the energy needed for the sperm to swim
Nucleus - contains 23 chromosomes (half the DNA needed to produce a zygote)

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9
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilised egg cell (contain 45 chromosomes)

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10
Q

How many chromosomes does an egg cell contain?

A

23 chromosomes

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11
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion or joining of an egg and sperm NUCLEI to form a zygote

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12
Q

What is implantation?

A

When the EMBRYO attaches to the uterus lining

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13
Q

Name 2 nutrients passed from mother to foetus via the placenta

A

glucose and amino acids (oxygen is not a nutrient - read the question carefully)

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14
Q

Name 2 waste substances that are passed from foetus to mother via the placenta

A

Urea and Carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What is transported in the umbilical artery and what type of blood does it contain?

A
  • Urea and Carbon dioxide
    -deoxygenated blood
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16
Q

What is transported in the umbilical vein and what type of blood does it contain?

A
  • Glucose and oxygen
  • oxygenated blood
17
Q

The placenta also contain villi. What is the function of the villi here?

A

Increases the surface area for diffusion of gases and nutrients from mother to baby

18
Q

What does the amniotic sac contain and what is its function?

A

Amniotic fluid cushions or protects the developing foetus by acting as a shock absorber

19
Q

By what process does the embryo start developing new tissues and organs?

A

It takes about 40 weeks for the foetus to fully develop, in that time the developing embryo differentiates into tissues and organs

20
Q

What hormone initiates puberty in males (secondary sexual characteristics)?

A

In males the hormone testosterone is produced in the testes

21
Q

What hormone initiates puberty in males (secondary sexual characteristics)?

A

In females the hormone oestrogen is produced in the ovaries

22
Q

How long is each menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

23
Q

What occurs on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation (period begins)

24
Q

On what day does ovulation usually occur in the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 14

25
Q

What will happen if a sperm meets an egg between day 11-18 of the menstrual cycle?

A

If sperm are in the oviducts between day 11-18 fertilisation can still occur resulting in a pregnancy. The lining will continue to thicken from day 19-28 but menstruation will not occur in the next cycle

26
Q

Which hormones control menstruation?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

27
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen initiate?

A

ovulation (egg to be released) to occur

28
Q

What do low levels of oestrogen and progesterone cause?

A

Menstruation

29
Q

What does high levels of progesterone cause?

A

Progesterone builds up and maintains the thick uterine lining → this allows a placenta to develop if fertilisation occurs

30
Q

Give a reason for female infertility and why it can prevent couples have a baby

A

Blockage/twisting of the oviduct → this usually occurs due to STIs e.g. Chlamydia. This prevents the sperm reaching the egg.

Ovaries fail to produce eggs → women may have a condition called Polycystic ovarian syndrome which prevents women from growing or releasing eggs

Uterine lining does not develop properly → which prevents the embryos from implanting

Vagina may be hostile for sperm entering → the lining may be too thick or too acidic

31
Q

Give a reason for male infertility and why it can prevent couples have a baby

A

Low sperm count → may not produce enough sperm or the sperm may not be healthy. This can be caused by smoking or excessive drinking

Impotence in males → erectile dysfunction

Blockage in the sperm tube

32
Q

Explain how IVF works

A

1) Women are given fertility drugs so that she will produce several eggs
2) The eggs are collected from the ovary using a syringe
3) Sperm from her partner is collected
4) Sperm and eggs are mixed in a test tube
5) The sperm fertilises the eggs (called a zygote)
6) The zygote divides by mitosis to produce an embryo
5) Woman is given more hormonal treatment to ensure the uterus lining is built up and maintained
6) Usually 2-3 embryos are placed back into the uterus and with the hope they will implant in the uterus lining
7) If this successful she will become pregnant
8) Only a few embryos will be placed into the mother during this process to try and avoid multiple births

33
Q

Explain how condoms are used to prevent pregnancies

Are there any advantages/disadvantages to this method of contraception?

A

Acts as a barrier to prevent the sperm entering the woman

Advantage:
Protects against STIs (chlamydia can cause infertility if not treated)
Easily purchased from pharmacies etc

Disadvantage:
Less effective if not used correctly

34
Q

Explain how the contraceptive pill is used to prevent pregnancies

Are there any advantages/disadvantages to this method of contraception?

A

Prevents the woman from releasing eggs by changing the hormone level (contains oestrogen or progesterone)

Advantages:
Very reliable if taken properly

Disadvantages:
Can cause mood swings, headaches, weight gain and can increase the risk of blood clots
Does not protect against STIs
For most pills a woman must take the pill at a similar time every day for 21 days in a row. If not there is a risk of her being pregnant.

35
Q

Explain how a vasectomy is used to prevent pregnancies

Are there any advantages/disadvantages to this method of contraception?

A

The sperm tubes are cut which prevents sperm from entering the penis

Advantage:
100% reliable

Disadvantage:
Very difficult to reverse the procedure (men would have this done if they have had all the family they want to)

36
Q

Explain how sterilisation is used to prevent pregnancies

Are there any advantages/disadvantages to this method of contraception?

A

Woman’s oviducts are cut and tied to prevent the egg moving through the oviduct to a sperm cell
Advantage:
100% reliable

Disadvantage:
Very difficult to reverse the procedure

37
Q

Why may people not want to use contraception?

A

Some people may not use contraception due to religious beliefs

38
Q

What happens to the zygote after fertilisation?

A

It divides by mitosis to form an embyro and then travels down the oviduct towards the uterus

39
Q
A

BGS GCSE Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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