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Biology paper 2 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

The fusion of male and female gametes.
two parents = offspring containing a mixture of
parent’s genes

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2
Q

How does sexual reproduction reproduce?

A

Meiosis
e.g. egg & sperm cells

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3
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does humans have?

A

23

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

A

23

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5
Q

Fertilisation

A

The egg and the sperm cell fuses together to form a cell with the full number of chromosomes (46).

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6
Q

Offspring outcome for SR

A

Mixture of genetic information produces variation.

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Where there is only 1 parent. there’s no fusion of gametes, no mixing of chromosomes = no genetic variation.
offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones)

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8
Q

How does asexual reproduction reproduce?

A

Mitosis (an ordinary cell makes a new cell by dividing in two)

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9
Q

offspring outcome for AR

A

will have the exact same genetic information as the parent cell (clone)

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10
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

meiosis

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11
Q

In humans, where does meiosis take place?

A

reproductive organs (ovaries & testes)

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12
Q

What is meiosis?

A

It produces cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes

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13
Q

First step of meiosis

A
  1. Before dividing, a normal cell duplicates its
    genetic information forming 2 armed
    chromosomes - one arm of each
    chromosome is an exact copy of the other -
    after replication the chromosomes arrange
    themselves into pairs
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14
Q

Second step of meiosis

A
  1. The first division in meiosis, the chromosome
    pairs line up at the centre of the cell.
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15
Q

Third step of meiosis

A
  1. The pairs are then pulled apart so each new
    cell only has one copy of each chromosome.
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16
Q

Fourth step of meiosis

A
  1. The second division in meiosis, the
    chromosomes line up again at the centre of
    the cell. The arms of the chromosomes are
    pulled apart.
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17
Q

Final step of meiosis

A
  1. At the end of meiosis, you get 4 gametes with
    a single set of chromosomes in it. Each of the
    gametes are genetically different as the
    chromosomes get shuffled up.
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18
Q

SR) How is genetic variation an advantage?

A

It increases the chance of a species surviving a change in the environment
-survival advantage-

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19
Q

SR) How does individuals with characteristics
that makes them better adapted an
advantage?

A

They have a better chance in surviving meaning they are more likely to breed successfully
-natural selection-

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20
Q

SR) What is selective breeding and is its
purpose?

A

.Speeds up natural selection.

.Produces animals with desirable
characteristics.

.Increases food production. e.g. cows with a lot
of meat.

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21
Q

AS) what are the advantages of AR over SR

A

.Only needs 1 parent meaning it uses less
energy as it doesn’t have to find a mate

.Breeding is faster

.Many clones can be produced only in favorable
conditions

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22
Q

Malarial parasites reproduction methods

A

Mosquitoes - the parasite inside of them
reproduces sexually and asexually
when inside humans.

23
Q

Fungi reproduction methods

A

Many of fungi species releases spores, which can become new fungi when they land.

AR = spores are genetically identical to parent

SR = spores has variation due to the
unfavorable change in the environment.

24
Q

Plants reproduction methods

A

AS = strawberries plants produce ‘runners’.

SR = Daffodils that grow from bulbs can form
new bulbs and divide off.

25
Q

What are the male chromosomes?

A

XY

26
Q

What are the female chromosomes?

A

XX

27
Q

What is DNA?

A

Determines what characteristics organism has.

28
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Chromosomes

29
Q

Brief DNA structue

A

Polymer. made up of 2 strands shaped in a double helix.

30
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA found on a chromosome

31
Q

What is an genome?

A

Entire set of genetic material in an organism.

32
Q

Why is understanding the human genome an import tool for science and medicine?

A

.Identifies genes in the genome that are linked
to different types of diseases.

.Knowing what genes are linked to inherited
diseases could help develop an effective
treatment.

.Trace migration of certain population of people
around the world.

33
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, which is made up of phosphate, sugar and a base, with 4 different bases, A C G T.

34
Q

Describe what is meant by complementary strands.

A

The same bases always pair on the opposite strands

35
Q

What is base A complementary to

A

T

36
Q

What is base C complementary to

A

G

37
Q
A
38
Q

Protein synthesis

A

1.DNA cannot move out the nucleus as it’s really big 2.mRNA (acts as a messanger between DNA and ribosome) is a copy of the code for DNA
3.it is then carried out to the cytoplasm and is brought to the ribosomes by carrier molecules.
4.When chain of amino acids have been assembled, it folds into a unique shape which allows the protein to preform its task.

39
Q

Name 3 examples of proteins

A

Enzymes
Hormones (insulin)
Structural proteins (collagen)

40
Q

Base sequence

A

determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

41
Q

Describe how a change in a DNA structure may result in a protein synthesized by a gene

A

Mutation can occur meaning the amino acid’s base may change affecting the shape of the protein.
There are also parts of the DNA that doesn’t code for proteins. These non doing parts switch genes on and off and if mutated it may cause some difficulties.

42
Q

What is a change in base called?

A

mutation

43
Q

how can mutating ‘non-coding’ parts of a DNA affect the protein

A

can alter how genes are expressed

44
Q

How can mutation affect the function of the protein?

A

Since the shape has changed, the protein may be unable to function.
e.g enzymes active site changes meaning its substrate can no longer bind to it.
e.g. collagen could lose their strength.

45
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of genes

46
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles the person has
e.g NN

47
Q

Phenotype

A

What characteristics you have due to the genotype.
e.g. dry earwax

48
Q

Homozygous

A

2 alleles are the same

49
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 alleles are different

50
Q

What is Cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic order of all the cell membranes
body produces thick mucus

51
Q

Is cystic fibrosis a recessive or dominant allele?

A

Recessive

52
Q

What is Polydactyly?

A

A genetic disorder where you are born with extra fingers or toes

53
Q

Is polydactyly a recessive or dominant allele?

A

Dominant

Biology paper 2 (8 decks)

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