Reproduction Flashcards
XY - phenotype
-XY (genetic) -> testes (gonadal)
-sertoli cells -> antimularian -> suppresses the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina development
-leydig cells -> testosterone -> male genitalia
XX- phenotype
-XX (genetic) -> ovaries (gonadal)
-no antimullerian -> uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina develop
-no testosterone -> labia, vagina, and clit develop
-female genitalia
male fertility
-mitochondria required for sperm tail motility
GnRH- life span
-fetus- increases
-child- levels off- FSH>LH
-puberty- increases
-adult reproductive period- pulsatile -> LH>FSH (males it levels off)
-increase in senescence- FSH>LH
-pulsatile secretion of GnRH drives -> pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH -> testosterone and estradiol
-secondary sex characteristics
female puberty ages
-budding- 9-11 -> breast development -> 11-15
-pubic hair- 9/10-14/15
-menarche- 10-16
-growth spurt- 11-14
-budding of breast is the first sign of puberty -> 2 years later is menarche
-adrenarche- hair
-estradiol in ovaries
male puberty ages
-pubic hair- 12-16
-penile growth- 13-15
-growth spurt- 13-16
-spermarchy- 14-16
-leydig cells proliferation in testes -> testosterone
-increase seminiferous tubules
-prostate growth
-linear growth
-increase hair
-lowering voice
-spermatogenesis
hypothalamic-pituitary axis for males
-hypothalamus -> GnRH -> anterior pituitary -> LH and FSH
-LH -> leydigs cells of testes -> testosterone -> (for some tissues) -> DHEA
-FSH -> sertoli cells -> spermatogenesis and inhibin
-inhibin and testosterone inhibits cycle
-5 alpha reductase inhibitors inhibit testosterone conversion to DHEA
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
-ex. finasteride
-inhibits conversion of testosterone into DHEA
-treats benign prostatic hypertrophy and hair loss
-DHEA acts on prostate and male pattern baldness normally
testosterone
-differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
-increase muscle mass
-puberty growth spurt
-growth of penis and seminal vesicles
-cessation of pubertal growth spurt (closed plates)
-deep voice
-spermatogenesis
-neg feedback on anterior pituitary
-increase libido
DHEA
-differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate
-male hair pattern/baldness
-sebaceous gland activity
-growth of prostate
ovaries function
-1. oogenesis
-2. estrogen and progesterone
-LH -> coverts cholesterol to -> progesterone -> testosterone
-FSH stimulates testosterone into 17beta estradiol
days after ovulation
-0- ovulation
-1- fertilization
-4- entrance of bastocyst into uterine cavity
-5- implantation
-6- formation of trophoblast and attachment to endometrium
-8- onset of trophoblast secretion of HCG
-10- HCG “rescue” of corpus luteum
menstruationfeedback
-1. follicular phase- ovum production
-GnRH -> FSH, LH -> estradiol
-ESTRADIOL INHIBITS (neg feedback)
-2. midcycle- ovulation
-GnRH -> FSH, LH -> estradiol
-ESTRADIOL STIMULATES (pos feedback)
- luteal phase- fostering of possible implantation
-GnRH -> FSH, LH -> progesterone
-PROGESTERONE INHIBITS
prolactin
-inhibits ovulation cycle entirely
menstruation
-every 28 days
-follicle (0) -> oocyte -> ovulation (14) -> prop to receive ovum -> pregnancy OR shedding of endometrium
-follicular phase (0-13) - FSH>LH -> follicles develop
-ovulation phase- (14) - LH> FSH (surge) -> release mature egg from ovarian follicle
-estrogen peak (creates hospitable lining)
-luteal phase (15-28)- LH>FSH, progesterone increase (thickens lining for implantation), basal body temp increase
estrogen
-maturation of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina
-puberty
-breast development
-proliferation and development of ovarian granulosa cells
-up regulation of estrogen, progesterone, LH receptors
-neg and pos feedback on LH and FSH
-pregnancy
-lowering uterine threshold to contractile stimuli
-prolactin secretion
-blocking prolactin effect on breast -> after labor it lowers but prolactin doesnt -> lactation
-lowers LDL cholesterol
-anti-osteoporosis
-onset of labor
progesterone
-maintenance of secretory activity of uterus during luteal phase
-breast development
-neg feedback on FSH and LH
-pregnancy
-raising uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy
oral contraceptives
-estrogen and progesterone given orally at steady levels
-block LH and FSH via neg feedback
-progesterone- increase cervical mucus and decrease tubal motility -> physical barrier
-postcoital contraceptive- higher dose of estrogen and progesterone to inhibit ovulation -> interferes with implantation
pregnancy
-1. fertilization
-2. implantation
-3. secretion of HCG -> tells corpus luteum to keep secreting PROGESTERONE
-(if no implantation it becomes corpus albicans)
-in mid-late pregnancy hormones come from placenta (a little before 20 weeks)
-HCG spike in beginning and then goes down (preg test)
-prolactin, progesterone, estradiol increase through pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone -> maintain endometrium, development of breast for lactation, suppression of new ovarian follicles
menopause
-decrease estrogen
-decrease neg feedback of LH and FSH
-LH and FSH increase
-FSH>LH
androgen insensitivity syndrome
-lack of androgen receptors in target tissues
-resistance to androgens
-in XY pt antimullerian and testosterone secreted by testes
-antimullerian -> suppresses the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina development
-testosterone -> SHOULD have caused male external genitalia development BUT there is lack of androgen receptors
-pt will have no tubes, uterus, upper vagina or male external genitalia
-no body hair will develop
-short vagina, labia, clit, breast will develop bc of “absence of test -> female by default
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
-lack of 21 beta-hydroxylase
-21 beta-hydroxylase converts steroids to aldosterone and cortisol -> if there is a lack -> high steroid precursors go toward androgens
-pt is XX with no penis, clit is significantly enlarged
-ACTH is high
-no antimullerian- so no suppression of female internal organs
-high testosterone -> supports male external genitalia
5A-reductase deficiency
-born with what appears to be large clitorus
-no breast develop or menstruation
-at puberty- voice deepening, muscle mass increasing, clit increasing
-no ovaries, no uterus
-small prostate, penis, testes
-no body hair
-46,XY -> high-normal testosterone and low DHEA
-everything is normal for male except no DHEA (her testes are producing test) -> deep voice, muscle, growth spurt, penis growth, spermatogenesis, libido
-DHEA- differentiation of external male genitalia, body hair growth, baldness, sebaceous glands, growth of prostate
