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Physiology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

XY - phenotype

A

-XY (genetic) -> testes (gonadal)
-sertoli cells -> antimularian -> suppresses the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina development
-leydig cells -> testosterone -> male genitalia

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2
Q

XX- phenotype

A

-XX (genetic) -> ovaries (gonadal)
-no antimullerian -> uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina develop
-no testosterone -> labia, vagina, and clit develop
-female genitalia

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3
Q

male fertility

A

-mitochondria required for sperm tail motility

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4
Q

GnRH- life span

A

-fetus- increases
-child- levels off- FSH>LH
-puberty- increases
-adult reproductive period- pulsatile -> LH>FSH (males it levels off)
-increase in senescence- FSH>LH
-pulsatile secretion of GnRH drives -> pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH -> testosterone and estradiol
-secondary sex characteristics

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5
Q

female puberty ages

A

-budding- 9-11 -> breast development -> 11-15
-pubic hair- 9/10-14/15
-menarche- 10-16
-growth spurt- 11-14
-budding of breast is the first sign of puberty -> 2 years later is menarche
-adrenarche- hair
-estradiol in ovaries

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6
Q

male puberty ages

A

-pubic hair- 12-16
-penile growth- 13-15
-growth spurt- 13-16
-spermarchy- 14-16
-leydig cells proliferation in testes -> testosterone
-increase seminiferous tubules
-prostate growth
-linear growth
-increase hair
-lowering voice
-spermatogenesis

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7
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary axis for males

A

-hypothalamus -> GnRH -> anterior pituitary -> LH and FSH
-LH -> leydigs cells of testes -> testosterone -> (for some tissues) -> DHEA
-FSH -> sertoli cells -> spermatogenesis and inhibin
-inhibin and testosterone inhibits cycle
-5 alpha reductase inhibitors inhibit testosterone conversion to DHEA

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8
Q

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

A

-ex. finasteride
-inhibits conversion of testosterone into DHEA
-treats benign prostatic hypertrophy and hair loss
-DHEA acts on prostate and male pattern baldness normally

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9
Q

testosterone

A

-differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
-increase muscle mass
-puberty growth spurt
-growth of penis and seminal vesicles
-cessation of pubertal growth spurt (closed plates)
-deep voice
-spermatogenesis
-neg feedback on anterior pituitary
-increase libido

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10
Q

DHEA

A

-differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate
-male hair pattern/baldness
-sebaceous gland activity
-growth of prostate

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11
Q

ovaries function

A

-1. oogenesis
-2. estrogen and progesterone
-LH -> coverts cholesterol to -> progesterone -> testosterone
-FSH stimulates testosterone into 17beta estradiol

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12
Q

days after ovulation

A

-0- ovulation
-1- fertilization
-4- entrance of bastocyst into uterine cavity
-5- implantation
-6- formation of trophoblast and attachment to endometrium
-8- onset of trophoblast secretion of HCG
-10- HCG “rescue” of corpus luteum

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13
Q

menstruationfeedback

A

-1. follicular phase- ovum production
-GnRH -> FSH, LH -> estradiol
-ESTRADIOL INHIBITS (neg feedback)

-2. midcycle- ovulation
-GnRH -> FSH, LH -> estradiol
-ESTRADIOL STIMULATES (pos feedback)

  1. luteal phase- fostering of possible implantation
    -GnRH -> FSH, LH -> progesterone
    -PROGESTERONE INHIBITS
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14
Q

prolactin

A

-inhibits ovulation cycle entirely

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15
Q

menstruation

A

-every 28 days
-follicle (0) -> oocyte -> ovulation (14) -> prop to receive ovum -> pregnancy OR shedding of endometrium
-follicular phase (0-13) - FSH>LH -> follicles develop
-ovulation phase- (14) - LH> FSH (surge) -> release mature egg from ovarian follicle
-estrogen peak (creates hospitable lining)
-luteal phase (15-28)- LH>FSH, progesterone increase (thickens lining for implantation), basal body temp increase

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16
Q

estrogen

A

-maturation of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina
-puberty
-breast development
-proliferation and development of ovarian granulosa cells
-up regulation of estrogen, progesterone, LH receptors
-neg and pos feedback on LH and FSH
-pregnancy
-lowering uterine threshold to contractile stimuli
-prolactin secretion
-blocking prolactin effect on breast -> after labor it lowers but prolactin doesnt -> lactation
-lowers LDL cholesterol
-anti-osteoporosis
-onset of labor

17
Q

progesterone

A

-maintenance of secretory activity of uterus during luteal phase
-breast development
-neg feedback on FSH and LH
-pregnancy
-raising uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy

18
Q

oral contraceptives

A

-estrogen and progesterone given orally at steady levels
-block LH and FSH via neg feedback
-progesterone- increase cervical mucus and decrease tubal motility -> physical barrier
-postcoital contraceptive- higher dose of estrogen and progesterone to inhibit ovulation -> interferes with implantation

19
Q

pregnancy

A

-1. fertilization
-2. implantation
-3. secretion of HCG -> tells corpus luteum to keep secreting PROGESTERONE
-(if no implantation it becomes corpus albicans)
-in mid-late pregnancy hormones come from placenta (a little before 20 weeks)
-HCG spike in beginning and then goes down (preg test)
-prolactin, progesterone, estradiol increase through pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone -> maintain endometrium, development of breast for lactation, suppression of new ovarian follicles

20
Q

menopause

A

-decrease estrogen
-decrease neg feedback of LH and FSH
-LH and FSH increase
-FSH>LH

21
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

-lack of androgen receptors in target tissues
-resistance to androgens
-in XY pt antimullerian and testosterone secreted by testes
-antimullerian -> suppresses the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina development
-testosterone -> SHOULD have caused male external genitalia development BUT there is lack of androgen receptors
-pt will have no tubes, uterus, upper vagina or male external genitalia
-no body hair will develop
-short vagina, labia, clit, breast will develop bc of “absence of test -> female by default

22
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

-lack of 21 beta-hydroxylase
-21 beta-hydroxylase converts steroids to aldosterone and cortisol -> if there is a lack -> high steroid precursors go toward androgens
-pt is XX with no penis, clit is significantly enlarged
-ACTH is high
-no antimullerian- so no suppression of female internal organs
-high testosterone -> supports male external genitalia

23
Q

5A-reductase deficiency

A

-born with what appears to be large clitorus
-no breast develop or menstruation
-at puberty- voice deepening, muscle mass increasing, clit increasing
-no ovaries, no uterus
-small prostate, penis, testes
-no body hair
-46,XY -> high-normal testosterone and low DHEA
-everything is normal for male except no DHEA (her testes are producing test) -> deep voice, muscle, growth spurt, penis growth, spermatogenesis, libido
-DHEA- differentiation of external male genitalia, body hair growth, baldness, sebaceous glands, growth of prostate

Physiology (24 decks)

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