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EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Broca’s Area

A

-left side of frontal lobe
-damage to this area -> difficulty speaking and writing but still understands and read -> aphasia

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2
Q

parietal lobe

A

-language, words
-sensory
-memory
-spatial and visual perception

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3
Q

temporal lobe

A

-understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
-memory
-hearing
-sequencing and organization
-Wernicke’s on left side -> damage causes aphasia
-may speak in long sentences that have no meaning/create new words
-difficulty understanding speech and dont know their own mistakes

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

-master control of ANS
-controls behaviors like hunger, thirst, sleep, sexual response
-regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, secretion of hormones

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5
Q

pituitary gland

A

-connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk
-master gland
-controls other endocrine glands in body
-secretes hormones that control sexual development
-promote bones and muscle growth
-responds to stress

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6
Q

thalamus

A

-early station for almost all information that comes and goes to cortex
-plays role in pain sensation, attention, alertness, memory
-sorting center

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7
Q

brainstem components

A

-midbrain- eye movement (relays auditory and visual)
-pons- balance, posture, breathing
-medulla- breathing, BP, coughing, vomiting, swallowing
-reflexive control

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8
Q

diencephalon

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus

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9
Q

nociceptor mechanism

A

-thermal/mechanical -> myelinated-> sharp
-polymodal -> unmyelinated -> blunt chronic pain
-hyperalgesia- axons release substances to sensitize nociceptors to recognize stimuli that wasnt previously noxious as noxious -> having a new cut

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10
Q

auditory mechanism

A

-movement of basilar membrane moves the hair cells on the tectorial membrane (in organ of corti in scala media of cochlea)
-bending of hair cells -> increase conductance of K+ in hair cell membrane -> K depolarizes hair cell -> release glutamate -> glutamate binds to cochlear nerves -> action potential
-goes to the afferent cochlear nerves -> synapse on dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei -> some cross -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> auditory cortex

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11
Q

nystagmus

A

-limit of lateral eye movement -> rapid eye movement in same direction
-postrotatory-> eyes move opposite of rotation
-Barany test- rotate and watch for normal nystagmus
-caloric test- warm water -> towards; cold water -> away

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12
Q

olfactory mechanism

A

-activates G protein -> activate adenylyl cyclase -> ATP to cAMP -> opens cation channels (Na, K, Ca) -> depolarized -> action potential
-granule and periglomerular inhibitory interneurons synapse on mitral cells -> lateral inhibition in olfactory bulb -> sharpen CNS
-pathways include:
-lateral olfactory tract -> to primary olfactory tract
-medial olfactory tract -> to anterior commissure and contralateral olfactory bulb

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13
Q

tongue layout

A

-taste buds:
-circumvallate- base, largest,
-foliate- lateral
-fungiform- everywhere, small
-posterior 1/3 (bitter and sour)- glossopharyngeal (9)
-anterior 2/3 (sweet umami salt)- facial (7)
-throat- vagus (10)
-all ascend as one in the solitary tract -> solitary nucleus of medulla -> ipsilaterally to third order -> leave thalamus -> terminate in taste cortex

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14
Q

taste transduction

A

-bitter and sweet- G protein activated -> increase in secondary messenger (IP3 and Ca) -> open TRP channels -> depolarize
-sour- H+ ions enter directly through -> depolarization
-salt- Na+ ions enter directly through -> depolarization

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15
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

-nuclear chain fiber- static gamma
-nuclear bag fiber- dynamic gamma
-group 1 afferent nerve fibers- sense velocity of muscle change
-group 2 afferent- length of muscle fiber
-innervated by sensory and motor
-for fine movement

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16
Q

stretch reflex

A

-intrafusal senses stretch -> group 1a afferent -> spinal cord -> reinnervates alpha motoneuron -> contraction
-stability

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17
Q

golgi tendon reflex

A

-clasp knife, inverse myotatic reflex
-intrafusal senses contraction -> group 1b afferent -> spinal cord -> 2 synapse -> contraction of antagonist and relaxation of agonist

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18
Q

polymodal synapse

A

-flexor withdrawal reflex
-groups 2, 3, 4 afferent nerve fibers
-pain -> stimulate nociceptors -> spinal cord -> contraction of ipsilateral flexor and inhibition of extensor -> contraction of contralateral extensor and inhibition of flexor -> maintains balance

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19
Q

cerebellum division and layers

A

-3 divisions:
-vestibulcerebellum- input from vestibular system -> balance and eye movement
-spinocerebellum- limb position, touch + pressure sensation input from spinal cord -> reflex
-pontocerebellum- input from pontine nuclei -> preplanned movement
-3 layers:
-granular layer- cell bodies and glomerulus (meeting points for cells)
-purkinje cell layer- purkinje cells
-molecular layer- dendrites, axons, cells, parallel fibers
-ONLY output is purkinje cell -> ALWAYS inhibitory -> prevents overreaction to a movement (smoothes)
-smooths motor movement and controls eyes

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20
Q

basal ganglia

A

-modulate movement coming from cortex -> sends to thalamus -> feeds back to cortex -> loop
-caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
-2 pathways:
-direct- excitatory -> stimulate motor movement
-indirect-inhibitory- cortex -> striatum -> globus pallidus -> subthalamic nuclei -> globus pallidus -> substantia nigra -> thalamus

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21
Q

huntingtons disease

A

-loss of striatal and cortical cholinergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic neurons
-losing ability to make movements from the cortex
-neurologic symptoms- choreic (writhing) movements and dementia
-no cure

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22
Q

parkinsons disease

A

-loss of substantia nigra
-normally: disinhibition of inhibitory output of indirect and inhibition of inhibitory of direct
-loss of indirect and indirect pathway
-reduction in modulation of movements
-tremors at rest
-difficulty stopping when walking
-pill rolling
-mask like face
-slow
-treatment- replacement of dopamine by treatment with I -dopa or dopamine agonists (bromocriptine) -> activation of direct and inactivation of indirect

23
Q

motor cortex

A

-primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and premotor cortex
-supplementary and premotor cortices- plan
-plan sent up to primary motor cortex -> sent down to spinal cord to execute

24
Q

jacksonian seizures

A

-epileptic events originating in primary motor cortex
-begins in fingers of one hand and progresses to hand and arms
-eventually spreads over entire body
-jacksonian march

25
electroencephalogram
-record electrical activity in brain -> on cerebral cortex -sleep study -awake- eyes closed -> alpha waves -beta waves- eyes open -stage 1- on and off alpha waves -stage 2- high frequency bursts (sleep spindle) and slow potential (K complexes) -stage 3- very low frequency delta waves and occasional sleep spindles -stage 4- large delta waves -REM sleep (paradoxyl)- desynchronized, low and high frequency, resembles awake, every 90 minutes, deep sleep
26
cerebellum dysfunction
-ataxia -delayed onset of movement or poor execution -overshooting or undershooting targets -dysdiadochokinesia- unable to perform rapid alternating movements -intention tremors- occur perpendicular to direction of a voluntary movement, increasing near the end of movement -> during intentional movement -*rebound phenomenon- inability to stop movement- ex. unable to stop flexion when resistance is removed
27
REM sleep
-loss of temperature regulation -pupillary constriction -penile erection -fluctuations in HR, BP, respiration -dreams -slow wave sleep varies over life
28
learning
-changes their behavior as a result of their experiences -non-associative: -habituation- repeated stimulus -> response that gradually diminishes as it is learned to be unimportant -sensitization- greater probability of response when it is learned to be important -associative- consistent relationship in timing of stimuli - classic -> Repetition -operant condition- response to stimulus is reinforced (+ or -) -> causing response to change -potentiation- repeated activation -> increase synaptic plasticity -> long term or short
29
CSF
-80% -being produced by choroid plexus and reabsorbed at a constant rate -flows into ventricles and subarachnoid spaces -> surrounds brain/spinal cord -fluid is transferred from CSF to venous blood by one way bulk flow and returned to systemic circulation -sample via LP -Na, Cl, HCO3, osmolarity- same as blood -K- less than blood (blood absorbs it) -no large molecules in CSF so it can flow freely (protein, cholesterol)
30
choroid plexus
-choroid plexus- barrier between cerebral capillary blood and CSF -BBB- barrier between capillary blood and interstitial fluid -CSF, interstitial fluid, and brain cells drain into cerebral venous blood -only allow lipid substances to get through -> very selective
31
eye
-posterior- vitreous humor -anterior- aqueous humor -retina- specialized epithelium -> photoreceptors (rods and cones), interneurons (bipolar, horizontal, amacrine), and ganglion cells
32
rods
-low threshold for light -function well in dark -low acuity -high sensitivity -no color -many rods synapse on single bipolar cells -single photon of light can activate a rod -> high rhodopsin -more rods
33
cones
-higher threshold for light -best in daylight -higher visual acuity -low sensitivity -color -only few cones required to synapse on 1 bipolar -many photons of light required to activate
34
layers of retina
-pigment- absorb stray light -photoreceptor- rods and cones -outer nuclear- nuclei of photoreceptors -outer plexiform- pre and post synapse with photoreceptor and interneurons -inner nuclei- cell bodies of interneurons (bipolar, horizontal, amacrine) -inner plexiform- pre and post of interneuron synapses with ganglion -ganglion cell- cell bodies of ganglion -optic nerve- axons of ganglion
35
interneurons of eye
-bipolar- connect photoreceptors to ganglion cell -amacrine- improve complexity of vision -horizontal- improve visual acuity
36
photoreception
-light strikes photoreceptors -> retinal chemically transforms-> photoisomerization -when light hits photoreceptors -> ALWAYS hyperpolarized and release decreased amounts of glutamate -glutamate crosses over synapse on bipolar cell -bipolar cell can be ionotropic -> decrease glutamate -> hyperpolarization of center of bipolar cell -> inhibit bipolar cell -bipolar cells can be metabotropic-> decreasing glutamate -> depolarization of center of bipolar cell -> excitation -surround of bipolar cells receives input from horizontal photoreceptors -> shows opposite response of center bc horizontal cells are inhibitory -relay to ganglion cells
37
visual discrimination
-visual cortex -3 cells: -simple- receptive fields similar to ganglion cells and lateral geniculate cells (on-center or off-center) -> although patterns are elongated rods rather than concentric circles -simple cells response best to bars of light that have “correct” position and orientation -complex- respond best to moving bars of light or edges -> identifies edges of objects -hypercomplex- respond best to lines of particular length and to curves and angles -> structure objects
38
hemianopia
-loss of vision in half the visual field of one or both eyes -cutting optic nerve causes blindness in ipsilateral eye -cutting optic chiasm causes heteronymous (both eyes) bitemporal (both temporal visual fields) hemianopia -> all information is lost from fibers that cross -> information from temporal visual fields from both eyes is lost because these fibers cross at optic chiasm -cutting the optic tract causes homonymous contralateral hemianopia -> cutting left optic tract results in loss of temporal visual field from right eye (crossed) and loss of nasal visual field from left eye (uncrossed)
39
damage to spinal cord
-paralysis to areas inferior to injury, difficulty breathing, muscle spasms, nerve damage
40
brain stem damage
-basic life function impacted -brain dead -can cause coma -decreased motor function
41
dopamine
-excites direct pathway -inhibits indirect -> inhibition of inhibitory output -> increases thalamic activity -in parkinsons loss of dopaminergic neurons -> reduces activation of direct and indirect pathways -> inhibition of thalamic neurons -greater suppression of movements initiated by cortex
42
CSF
-choroid plexus- barrier between arterial blood and CSF -BBB- barrier between arteries and interstitial fluid -CSF, interstitial fluid, and brain cells drain into cerebral venous blood -only allow lipid substances to get through -> very selective
43
beta blockers and lack of insulin
-causes K to be pushed outside the cell -hyperkalemia -no potassium gradient -muscles weakness -Na is able to go into cell though -cell cant hyperpolarize bc there is no K gradient
44
nernst equation
-equilibrium potential -how much electrical gradient is needed to prevent movement of a solute down its concentration gradient
45
Na-K ATPase pump
-primary active transport -3 Na out and 2K in -allows for secondary active transport of other molecules -cardiac glycosides inhibit Na-K pump ->decreases contractility of heart
46
SGLT1 (Na Glucose transport protein)
-intestinal epithelial cells -Na-K pump pumps Na out of cell and K in the cell against gradient -Na can enter the cell down its gradient now and bring glucose with it -cotransport
47
H-K ATP pump
-primary active transport -H+ out and K in -parietal cells of gastric mucosa and alpha intercalating renal collecting duct -acidifies gastric content -omeprazole inhibits
48
Ca2 + ATPase (SERCA)
-primary active transport -pumps Ca2+ out -creates a concentration gradient for muscle contraction -SR and ER
49
Ca+ and Na+ exchanger
-secondary active -counter transporter -2Ca2+ out and 3 Na in -creates Ca concentration gradient for muscle contraction
50
skeletal muscle contraction
-action potential opens presynaptic Ca channels -> induces Ach release -ACh binding to postsynaptic -> depolarization of motor end plate -travels to T tubules -conformational change in voltage sensitive DHPR -> mechanically coupled RR releases Ca from SR into cytoplasm -tropomyosin is blocking myosin binding sites on actin filament -Ca binds to troponin C (TnC) -> moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin binding site -myosin head binds strongly to actin forming cross bridge and power stroke -force is produced as myosin pulls on thin filament -> muscle shortening -binding of new ATP causes detachment of myosin head from actin filament -Ca is re sequestered
51
skeletal muscle bands
-Z to Z is sarcomere -sarcomere shorten when muscle contraction occur -M line is center -H band contains only thick filament myosin -A band contains both actin and myosin -> never shortens -I band contains only thin filament actin
52
total body water
-50-70% weight -intracellular fluid- 2/3 -extracellular fluid- 1/3 -> 1/3 plasma and 2/3 interstitial fluid
53
sodium glucose blocker
-jardiance -block reabsorption of glucose in diabetics -causes increase secretion of glucose

Physiology (24 decks)

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