Chapter 3 Flashcards
cerebrum
-largest part of brain
-composed of right and left hemisphere
-performs higher functions: interpreting touch, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, fine control of movement
cerebellum
-under the cerebrum
-coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance
brainstem
-relay center connecting cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord
-performs many automatic functions such as breathing, HR, body temp, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing
-midbrain, pons, medulla
-CONTROL
frontal lobe
-personality, behavior, emotions
-judgement, planning, problem solving
-speech- speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
-body movement- motor strip
-intelligence, concentration, self awareness
-Broca’s area on left side
-damage to this area -> difficulty speaking and writing but still understands and read -> aphasia
parietal lobe
-interprets language, words
-sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
-interprets vision, hearing, sensory, and memory
-spatial and visual perception
occipital lobe
-interprets vision (color, light, movement)
temporal lobe
-understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
-memory
-hearing
-sequencing and organization
-Wernicke’s on left side -> damage causes aphasia
-may speak in long sentences that have no meaning/create new words
-difficulty understanding speech and dont know their own mistakes
hypothalamus
-master control of ANS
-controls behaviors like hunger, thirst, sleep, sexual response
-regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, secretion of hormones
pituitary gland
-connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk
-master gland
-controls other endocrine glands in body
-secretes hormones that control sexual development
-promote bones and muscle growth
-responds to stress
pineal gland
-regulates bodys internal clock
-circadian rhythms
-secreting melatonin
-role in sexual development
thalamus
-early station for almost all information that comes and goes to cortex
-plays role in pain sensation, attention, alertness, memory
basal ganglia
-caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
-nuclei work with cerebellum
-coordinate fine motions -> fingertip movements
-afferent and cognitive function
-start, stop, and modulate motor movement
limbic system
-center of emotions
-learning, memory
-include: cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional reactions) and hippocampus (memory)
cranial nerves
-olfactory- smell
-optic- sight
-oculomotor- moves eye, pupil
-trochlear- moves eye
-trigeminal- face sensation
-abducens- moves eye
-facial- moves face, salivate
-(auditory) vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance
-glossopharyngeal- taste, swallow
-vagus- heart rate, digestion
-accessory- moves head
-hypoglossal- moves tongue
midbrain
-control eye movements
-relays from auditory and visual systems
pons
-balance
-posture
-breathing
medulla
-breathing
-BP
-swallowing
-coughing
-vomiting
diencephalon
-thalamus and hypothalamus
-homeostasis
glial cells
-astrocytes- support neurons
-oligodendrocytes- myelin in CNS
-microglial- neuronal injury- clean up crew
synaptic relays
-relay nuclei move signals to where they need to go
-a lot in the thalamus
decussations
-sensory and motor pathways are usually symmetric
-information is relayed to contralateral side almost always
-crossings -> decussations
-dorsal column- medulla before thalamus
-anterolateral- spinal cord
conduction velocty
-large myelinated- fastest
-small unmyelinated- slowest
relay nuclei
-first order neurons (primary sensory afferent neurons) synapse on second order neurons in relay nuclei in spinal cord of brain stem
-interneurons are in the relay nuclei and are either inhibitory or excitable
-second order neurons crosses (decussation) and synapses on third order neuron in relay nuclei in thalamus
-many third order neurons can synapses on fourth order which is located in its appropriate sensory area
sensory receptors
-mechanoreceptor- somatosensory
-thermoreceptor- somatosensory
-photoreceptor
-chemoreceptor- auditory/taste
-nociceptor- somatosensory
-modality- receptors only signal for their specific function
-tell us duration as well
-usually has its cell body in dorsal root or spinal cord ganglion -> exceptions: auditory, olfactory, visual