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year 12 biology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the importance of reproduction

A

the continuity of a species is dependent on reproduction, it is the sole biological goal

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2
Q

define asexual reproduction

A

there is only one parent that creates uniform offspring

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3
Q

define one parent

A

single organism produces offspring without fertilisation (egg and sperm)

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4
Q

what organisms does asexual reproduction happen in

A

archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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5
Q

define uniform offspring

A

due to an offspring inheriting all of their DNA from one parent, they are genetically identical to each other and their parent

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6
Q

define binary fission

A

a process of cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical cells

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7
Q

identify the steps of binary fission

A
  1. Prokaryotic cell has DNA copied
  2. The cell begins to grow longer, pulling the two copies apart
  3. The cell membrane pinches inward in the middle of the cell
  4. Cell splits to form two new uniform, identical offspring
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8
Q

what organisms undergo binary fission

A

bacteria and protists

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9
Q

define budding

A

a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent

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10
Q

outline the process of budding

A

the parent cell undergoes mitosis which produces an identical nucleus. these move away from each other forming an outgrowth know as a bud, identical to the parent, can break off if large enough or stay attached and form a colony

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11
Q

what organisms undergo budding

A

fungi (yeast) and protists

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12
Q

define vegetative propagation

A

uniform offspring grow from a part of a parent plant

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13
Q

what are examples of types of vegetative propagation

A

runners, tubers, rhizomes, bulb, fragmentation

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14
Q

define runners in vegetative propagation and a organism example

A

parts of the parent plant touches the ground and grow roots to another area for a new uniform plant e.g. strawberries

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15
Q

define tuber in vegetative propagation and a organism example

A

swollen underground stems with buds that grow into new plants e.g. potatoes

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16
Q

define rhizome in vegetative propagation and a organism example

A

an underground horizontal stem that is capable of producing new roots and shoots of a new plant e.g. ginger

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17
Q

define bulb in vegetative propagation and a organism example

A

produce lateral buds that develop into new plants e.g. garlic

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18
Q

define fragmentation in vegetative propagation and a organism example

A

broken pieces (cuttings) of branch regenerate into identical new plants e.g. weeping willow tree

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19
Q

define spores under asexual processes

A

can be prepared mitotically (mitosis) create haploid mitospores float around land somewhere forming genetically identical organisms

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20
Q

define spores under sexual processes

A

Fungi are haploid (half set of chromosomes) and can become diploid (full set of chromosomes)

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21
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction (at least 2)

A
  • no time or energy wasted trying to find a mate and develop an offspring
  • organisms able to rapidly reproduce a larger number of uniform offspring
  • ideal to produce identical offspring when they are suited to environment
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22
Q

what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction (at least 2)

A
  • no genetic variation to adapt to selective pressures, less chance of survival in a change in the environment e.g. whole species can be wiped out by a disease
  • dangerous mutations in DNA, if parent has mutation offspring also has it
  • as reproduction is quick there may be limited resource and increased competition within the species
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23
Q

define sexual reproduction

A

involves the union of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg/ovum) to form a unique individual, also known as fertilisation, it allows variation

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24
Q

define gamete

A

sex cell
male: sperm
female: egg/ovum

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25
Q

what is the fertilisation process called for plants

A

pollination

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26
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

-genetic variation allowing a population to adapt to selective pressures
-develop plants and animals that have desirable traits
-genetic change of a species means more chance of species improvement and variation

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27
Q

what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

-metabolically expensive, offspring takes away energy that could be used for growth and repair
-mating behaviours and offspring rearing all take considerable time and resources to achieve
-can lose desirable traits
-longer time to produce fewer offspring

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28
Q

what is a method of sexual reproduction in bacteria

A

conjugation- the bacteria build a bridge, known as pili, between each cell and transfer genetic information
it divides asexually but since genes are being shared it is sexual

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29
Q

define external fertilisation

A

males and females release sperm and eggs into the environment, sperm and egg join outside the body

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30
Q

what organism does external fertilisation

A

salmon

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31
Q

what are the advantage of external fertilisation

A

doesn’t require a carrier
can produce a lot of sex cells

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32
Q

what are the disadvantage of external fertilisation

A

the selection of mate is random
requires water
egg can be destroyed by conditions or other organisms

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33
Q

define internal ferilsation

A

joining of sperm and egg inside the body after mating

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34
Q

define internal fertilisation external development with examples

A

After fertilisation, larvae (embryo) are released and development occurs outside female body e.g. barnacles

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35
Q

what is a larvae

A

embryo

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36
Q

what organisms undergo internal fertilisation internal development

A

e.g. humans, cow, cat, dog

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37
Q

what are the advantages of internal fertilisation

A

doesn’t require water
there is selection of mate therefore is not random (promotes diversity)

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38
Q

what are the disadvantages of internal fertilisation

A

The carrier of the fertilised egg is a larger target
The carrier is physically brought down throughout the pregnancy
Less sex cells are produced

39
Q

what is the process of pollination (sexual reproduction) in plants

A

the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma to go down the style into the ovary to reach the ovule for the union of male and female gamete. fertilised embryo is called a seed

40
Q

define self pollination

A

the same plants pollen reaches the stigma

41
Q

define cross pollination

A

the different plants pollen reaches the stigma

42
Q

what facilitates pollination

A

wind, birds, bees, flies

43
Q

give an example of the areas of external fertilisation (gametes ensured, site of fertilisation, number of offspring, development of embryo)

A

coral
-meeting of gamete not ensured, coral releases gamete into water
-fertilisation in water
-produce a lot of offspring
-embryo developed floating in the water

44
Q

give an example of the areas of internal fertilisation (gametes ensured, site of fertilisation, number of offspring, development of embryo)

A

cow
-meeting of gamete is ensured, gametes meet in female reproductive tract
-fertilisation in oviduct
-produce fewer offspring
-embryo developed inside uterus

45
Q

define fertilisation

A

the union of the two gametes to make a new organism

46
Q

where does fertilisation take place?

A

oviducts/fallopian tubes

47
Q

outline the internal process that leads to fertilisation

A

male inserts penis into female vagina, muscular contraction pushes sperm through cervix, it then swims using their flagella into the uterus, swims to oviduct (fallopian tube) where a sperm reaches an egg, turns into zygote, undergoes mitosis forming an embryo, then a fetus

48
Q

what results in the meeting of an egg and sperm

A

a zygote is formed

49
Q

define a zygote

A

fusion of egg and sperm, a new diploid

50
Q

what is the endometrium

A

uterine wall

51
Q

what is the function of the ovary

A

produces gametes (oocyte/egg) and releases one once a month, produces oestrogen and progesterone that are responsible for sexual characteristics

52
Q

what is oocyte

A

female gamete/egg

53
Q

what is the function of the oviducts (fallopian tubes)

A

tubes leading from ovaries to the uterus

54
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A

it swells to prepare for implantation and if fertilisation does not take place it releases the tissue on its inside wall as menstrual blood

55
Q

what is the function of cervix

A

small entrance into the uterus from the vagina to allow sperm into uterus and menstrual blood out

56
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A

Muscular tubular cavity leading to the cervix. Directs the penis towards the uterus and passage for birth/menstrual flow

56
Q

define gametogenesis

A

makes gametes through meiosis

57
Q

what is the process that makes gametes through meiosis

A

gametogenesis

58
Q

define spermatogenesis

A

the process of male gamete production in animals

59
Q

define oogenesis

A

the process of female gamete production in animals

60
Q

define enzymes

A

speed up reaction, helps bind sperm to the egg

61
Q

define acrosome

A

front of the sperm, contains enzymes

62
Q

define zona pellucida

A

protective layer surrounding egg

63
Q

what is the protective layer surrounding the egg called?

A

zona pellucida

64
Q

define haploid

A

half set of chromosomes (23)

65
Q

define diploid

A

full set of chromosomes (46)

66
Q

outline the fertilisation steps for mammals (from when the sperm and egg meet to zygote)

A
  1. sperm uses enzymes from the acrosome to dissolve and penetrate the zona pellucida to reach the eggs cell membrane
  2. molecules on the sperm bind to egg cell membrance and then the nucleus of the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the egg
  3. changes occurs in the egg surface preventing entry of multiple sperm
  4. fusion of the haploid egg and sperm nuclei results in diploid zygote cell
67
Q

what is the order of zygote development into a fetus

A

zygote, morula, blastocyst, gastrula, embryo, fetus

68
Q

define cleavage

A

period of rapid cell division/proliferation when the single celled zygote divides into hundreds of smaller cells by mitosis

69
Q

what happens with the zygote after fertilisation

A

After fertilisation the zygote travels toward the uterus (moves down the oviduct/fallopian tube) undergoing cleavage

70
Q

what happens after the blastocyst reaches the uterus

A

it will embed/implant itself in the endometrium (uterine wall) this is known as implantation

71
Q

what happens after the offspring undergoes cleavage

A

Mitotic division continues and the morula becomes a blastocysts as its cells begin to differentiate

72
Q

what happens after blastocyst

A

gastrulation of blastocyst occurs and becomes a gastrula which has three different layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

73
Q

what happens after gastrula

A

it becomes a embryo and then a fetus

74
Q

what are hormones

A

molecules produced in glands of an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action

75
Q

what is the gland, target area and function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

g:placenta (released by implanted blastocyst)
ta: ovaries
f:maintins the corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen, stops ovulation/eggs from being released

76
Q

what is the gland, target area and function of progesterone and estrogen

A

g: ovary (corpus luteum) and placenta
ta: reproductive tract and uterus
f: both inhibt hormones FSH and LH so no more eggs are released, progesterone maintains endometrium/uterine wall (so wall doesn’t shed/bleed) and prevent contractions

77
Q

what is the gland, target area and function of estrogen (near birth)

A

g:ovary (corpus luteum)
ta: uterus
f: inhibit FSH and LH to prevent eggs being released (stop ovulation), as estrogen increases it is no longer inhibited by progesterone and therefore it initiates contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus, contractions stimulate stretch receptor signals in the brain to release oxytocin

78
Q

what is the gland, target area and function of oxytocin (near birth)

A

g: pituitary gland (in brain)
ta: uterus and placenta
f: Stimulates the muscle of the uterine wall and contractions to stimulate stretch receptors causing more oxytocin
Contractions continue for short time after birth to eject the placenta (prostaglandins found in all cells also do)

79
Q

what is the function of FSH and LH

A

hormones that release eggs

80
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

yellow sac surrounding the follicle in the ovary that has released an egg

81
Q

how is the process of birth stimulated?

A

by the rise of estrogen levels

82
Q

what is reproductive technology?

A

those that manipulate fertilisation and involve embryo implantation

83
Q

what is selective breeding

A

selecting who breeds with who to continue desirable traits

84
Q

what is an animal example of selective breeding?

A

Belgian blue cattle with highest muscle mass are selected to breed with one another

85
Q

what is a plant example of selective breeding?

A

Artificial pollination to create Bob’s wheat variety. They crossed the pollen to the stigma of Indian wheat and Canadian fife wheat to create this wheat that can handle Australia’s harsh dry environment

86
Q

what must scientist know for selective breeding

A

scientists must know that genes are passed through reproduction and that to reproduce an egg and sperm needs to fuse

87
Q

What are the ethics of selective breeding

A

impact quality of life of the organisms, is right to have the power to choose who reproduce with who as it is playing a role in evolution

88
Q

what is artificial insemination

A

involves placing semen directly into the uterus

89
Q

what is artificial pollination and an example

A

when humans intervene with the natural pollination process. e.g. the wind of drones used to move pollination

90
Q

what must scientists know for artificial insemination and pollination

A

Scientists must know that pollen plays the role of sperm and needs to land on the stigma and that sperm needs to enter the uterus and move up to the fallopian tube

91
Q

what are the ethics about artificial insemination and pollination

A

impact quality of life of the organisms, is right to have the power to choose who reproduce with who as it is playing a role in evolution

92
Q

what is the pros of scientific manipulation

A

environmental: more of a desired trait in a population
financial: farmers are able to produce desirable stock to sell

93
Q

what is the cons of scientific manipulation

A

environmental: reducing species, Due to limited genetic variation, organisms ability to survive in changing environments are reduced
financial: obtaining organisms with desired traits can be expensive

year 12 biology (4 decks)

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