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year 12 biology > cell replication > Flashcards

cell replication Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell replication

A

a form of cell division in which a parent cell divides

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2
Q

what are reasons for cell replication

A

growth/development, maintenance/repair, method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes

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3
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase (G1,S,G2)
mitosis
cytokinesis

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4
Q

what happens in interphase

A

DNA replication occurs to produce two copies of each chromosomes

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5
Q

define chromatids

A

two identical chromosomes held together at the centromere

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6
Q

define chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome

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7
Q

define centromere

A

where chromatids connect

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8
Q

what happens in the metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at equatorial plane of cell, Spindle fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes, No nucleus

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9
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

-Spindle fibres contract, splitting the centromeres and separating the sister chromatids
-The separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

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10
Q

what happens in telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms around the two sets of chromosomes, Spindle fibres disappear

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11
Q

what happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes become clear and nucleus starts to break down, centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus and form spindle fibres

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12
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

There is 2 new cells
Cytoplasm divides resulting in two identical cells known as daughter cells

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13
Q

what is a limitation of modelling mitosis

A

the model is static and doesn’t show the fluid nature of the mitosis process

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14
Q

what is meiosis

A

cell division resulting in four daughter cells (gametes), each with half the number of chromosomes (haploid) of the parent cell and are not identical

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15
Q

what is the difference of meiosis to mitosis in the PROCESS of cell division

A

-during metaphase I, chromatids meet in the middle in pairs
-there is two rounds of mitosis
-results is four daughter cells that are not identical

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16
Q

what are the similarities of mitosis and meiosis

A

-both are cell replication
-both undergo interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

17
Q

whats the difference of mitosis and meiosis

A

Meiosis: produces four haploid daughter cells (gametes), process happens in the GONADS (testes for males and ovaries for women), not identical to parent cell, number of chromosomes will be half to parent cells
Mitosis: produces two diploid daughter cells identical to the parent, occurs in SOMATIC cells (every cell but sex cells), does not change genetic information, number of chromosomes will be same to parent cell

18
Q

recall the process of mitosis

A

see notes

19
Q

recall the process of meiosis

A

see notes

20
Q

model nucleotides

A

includes phosphate, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base
see notes for model

21
Q

what does A, T, C and G, stand for? what are the complementary pairs

A

A= adenine pairs with T= thymine (apples in the trees)
C= cytosine pairs with G= guanine (cars in the garage)

22
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is a double stranded helix (spiral), like a ladder. Nitrogenous bases (steps of the ladder) a sugar-phosphate backbone (sides of the ladder)

23
Q

what do nucleotides form?

A

Nucleotides chemically bond to form nucleic acids e.g. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

24
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication using the Watson and Crick model

A

DNA unzips → by helicase enzyme
DNA polymerase brings nucleotides to complementary base pairs from 5’ to 3’
One strand has the bases joining one by one and the other strand has okazaki fragments attached to the bases
Okazaki fragments is when more than one base attaches at a time
The two identical sets of DNA coil back into a double helix
DNA ligase enzyme seals new strands together
This process is semi-conservative

25
Q

Why use a model for processes?

A

as you can’t see these processes with the naked eye therefore allowing people to have access to seeing the process without an extreme microscope that is usually inaccessible, makes it simple and easier to understand

26
Q

What is the bond of nucleotides that holds DNA together called?

A

phosphodiester bonds

27
Q

what is the pairing and bonding process in DNA replication

A

Free nucleotides bond together (sugar bonds to phosphate) through a condensation polymerization reaction
Hydrogen bonding holds bases together inside a DNA helix (2 between A and T, 3 between G and C)

28
Q

What is the importance of DNA replication

A

-DNA replication ensures that the daughter DNA strands carry the same genes, therefore coding for all the essential proteins necessary for life
-For cell division to happen DNA needs to be replicated
-If DNA is not replicated before cell division (meiosis and mitosis), daughter cells would have inadequate amount of DNA and genetic information

29
Q

what does cell division achieve? (its importance)

A

for organisms to reproduce and grow in order for their species to survive

30
Q

importance of mitosis

A

-Produce identical nuclei, which is identical genetic content to their parents cell
-ensures growth and repair of an organisms therefore allowing them to survive long enough to reproduce (species continuity)
-allows genes to be passed
-asexual reproduction

31
Q

importance of meiosis

A

-if there is no egg or sperm (gametes) an organism cannot be produced and therefore the species cannot continue
-Meiosis creates varied combinations of genes that can be passed onto the next generation because gametes have a haploid set of chromosomes
-This variation allows species better opportunities to deal with selective pressures, ensuring the continuity of species through evolution

32
Q

How important is it for genetic material to be replicated exactly?

A

-Allows cell division within meiosis and mitosis -Mitosis is a form a asexual reproduction, as it produces new organisms DNA replication allows the continuity of a species
-Produces the right amino acids to create the proteins needed in our body

year 12 biology (4 decks)

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