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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the sperm head contain

A

Nucleus containing DNA
23 chromosones
Acrosomes

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2
Q

Define Acrosome

A

Caps with enzymes that dissolve eggs’ coat and allow penetration

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3
Q

What are Advantages of Sexual Reproduction?

A

Increases Variation
Promotes Survival
Removes Harmful genes from populations

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4
Q

What are Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

Need Two Parents
Requires More energy/time
Fewer Offspring are produced

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5
Q

What are the Male and Female Gonads

A

Female: Ovaries
Male: Testes

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6
Q

What are the FM and M Sex Hormone

A

M: Testosterone
FM: Estrogen

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7
Q

What are the FM and M Gametes

A

M: Sperm
FM: Egg

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8
Q

Function of the Male Gonad

A

Testes - produce sperm and testosterone

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9
Q

Function of Female Gonads

A

Ovaries - Produce Eggs

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10
Q

What is the fusion of the sperm an egg called and what does it produce

A

process is called fertilization and the zygote is produced

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11
Q

Function of Zygote

A

Divides many times to form embryo, continues to grow into fetus

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12
Q

What is the flow of blood during sexual excitement

A
  1. Arterioles Dilate -> blood enters
  2. Increased blood flow to erectile tissue causes penis to become enlarges and erect so sperm can be delivered
  3. Blood flow causes expansion of erectile tissue which compresses the venules
  4. Decreased Venous blood return due to constricted venules maintains erection
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13
Q

Where is the Scrotum Located

A

Hangs outside abdominal Cavity (exterior)

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14
Q

Function of Scrotum

A

Contains two testes
keeps temp 1-3 degrees lower than reg. body temp.
Scrotum wrinkles up when cold to increase temp.
Can extend away from body when hot as well

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15
Q

Where are Sperm Cells produced and where do they come from

A

Sperm cells are produced by the testes and are produced in the seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Where is testosterone produced

A

interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

What does each Testi contain

A

Seminiferous Tubules
Sertoli Cells
Interstitial Cells

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18
Q

Seminiferous Tubules Functions + What it contains

A

Coiled tubes within testis
Sperm cells - 300-500 million a day
Spermatogenesis/

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19
Q

function and Where are Sertoli Cells found

A

Found within Tubules
Supply nutrients to developing Sperm Cells

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20
Q

Function and where Interstitial cells are found

A

Found BETWEEN tubules
Produce Testosterone

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21
Q

What is commonly called the Sperm Factory

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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22
Q

What is it called when sperm divide and differentiate into mature sperm (formation of sperm cells)

A

Spermatogenesis

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23
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules lined with

A

sperm producing cells called Spermatogonia

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24
Q

Function of spermatagonia

A

Sperm producing cells
Divide to form Spermatocyte

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25
Q

Function of Spermatocyte

A

Differentiate into Spermatids (immature Sperm Cells)

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26
Q

How many numbers of chromosomes does a spermatid have

A

half the number of other body cells - 23

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27
Q

Where does Sperm divisions start and end

A

Begins in the walls of tubules and more mature Sperm cells are released into the center of the tubules

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28
Q

What does the decrease of Progesterone cause

A

Increased Contractions

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29
Q

What happens between days 1-5 during the menstruation cycle

A

FLOW: ALL hormones are low and endometrium sheds

results in:
Headaches
Cramps - decreased progesterone increases cramps
Bloating
Nausea
Mood changes

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30
Q

What happens between days 6-13 of the menstruation cycle

A

FOLLICULAR PHASE:

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle - Follicle releases estrogen as it matures -> thickens endometrium (prepares)

Increased Estrogen -> Decreased FSH
(negative feedback)

Increased Estrogen -> Increased LH
(Positive feedback)

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31
Q

What happens during day 14 of the menstruation cycle

A

increased LH (surge)
24 hrs to be FERTILIZED

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32
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

fallopian tubes

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33
Q

What is the protective covering of the egg called

A

the zona pellucida, which the acrosomes of sperm must penetrate to fertilize the oocyte

34
Q

how is a zygote formed

A

Fertilization: sperm contents bind with the nucleus of the egg to form a zygote

35
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

fallopian tube

36
Q

What happens after fertilization and the parh afterwards

A

zygote must begin path from ovary to uterus via fallopian tube
- zygote undergoes cleavage (cell division) ~ cells of zygote become smaller

37
Q

where does cleavage take place

A

Fallopian Tube

38
Q

timeline of reproduction

A

sperm meets egg > fertilization occurs > zygote forms > cleavage occurs > embryo forms > fetus forms

39
Q

What is the goal of the zygote (reason for cleavage)

A

to create the morul

40
Q

What does trophoblast become

A

The chorion and amnion

Chorion: Produces Human Chorionic Gonadatropin (HCG)
Maintains the corpus luteum until PLACENTA starts producing progesterone and estrogen

41
Q

Function of the Cowpers Gland

A

Secretes alkaline fluid (prior to ejaculation) to neutralize acidity in urethra and facilitates sperm movement and lubrication

42
Q

Function of Seminal Vesicle

A

two glands : secretes fructose and prostaglandin

fructose: sugar for sperm (energy for mitochrondia)

prostaglandins: hormone - stimulates uterine contractions to help sperm move to egg

43
Q

function of prostate gland

A

secretes alkaline fluid to activate sperm to swim and protects it from acidic vagina

44
Q

what is semen made up of

A

sperm and
seminal fluid - produced by cowpers gland, prostate gland and seminal vesicle

45
Q

What is the pathway of sperm

A

Produced and matured in Testes (seminiferous tubules) -> Epididymis -> bas ductis deferens -> (seminal vesicle, prostate gland, cowpers gland) -> urethra

46
Q

Function of FSH in males

A

promotes sperm production in seminiferous tubules

47
Q

LH function in Males

A

Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

  • indirectly promotes sperm production
48
Q

Function of Testosterone

A

stimulates maturation of testes and penis

stimulates spermatogenesis

49
Q

Synonym for Labour

A

Parturition or Birth

50
Q

what triggers oxytocin to be released and from where

A

posterior pituitary - triggered by dilation of cervix (expansion of cervix)

causes milk release and uterine contractions

51
Q

what are teratogens w/examples

A

something that interferes or inhibits the development of a fetus

ex. drugs, medication,infectious diseases or environmental agents

52
Q

pathway of labour

A

fetus oushed down to cervix -> cervix stretches -> uterine contractions -> stimulates oxytocin -> stimulates more uterine contractions (via positive feedback)

53
Q

Where is prostaglandins found and what does it do

A

in mother’s blood and in semen -

in woman - stimulates uterine muscles
in men - stimulates uterine contractions to help sperm meet egg

54
Q

what happens when someone “water breaks”

A

amniotic sac is pushed down into birth canal causing it to break and is used to lubricate the birth canal

55
Q

Function of Relaxin

A

Hormone secreted by placenta : before labour secreted to soften cervix and ligaments - loosens pelvis - triggered when baby’s HEAD is ON cervix

56
Q

What are the stages of giving birth

A

Stage 1: dilation of cervix
Stage 2: Contractions and expulsion of Fetus
Stage 3: Afterbirth

57
Q

when is the placenta delivered

A

stage 3: Afterbirth

58
Q

What happens during Stage 3 of birth

A

Afterbirth: Uterine contractions shrink uterus and dislodge placenta

  • Uterus shrinks - constricting blood vessels torn during expulsion of placenta
59
Q

function of prolactin and where does it come from

A

from anterior pituitary -stimulated by increased levels of estrogen: stimulates glands in breasts to begin producing fluids

60
Q

function of colostrum

A

produced by breasts: milky fluid rich in sugars and proteins and antibodies - passes immunity to baby

61
Q

function of oxytocin during lactation

A

stimulates contractions within breasts forcing milk into ducts

62
Q

what is the process of lactation

A

during pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels increase - preps body for milk production

estrogen stimulates release of prolactin - milk is not produced during pregnancy b/c action of prolactin is inhibited by estrogen

when estrogen drops b/c placenta and hormones are no longer secreted, prolactin is decreased -> increased prolactin ACTIVITY

63
Q

what is the feedback loop for breast feeding

A

suckling -> nerve impulse -> hypothalamus-> posterior pituitary-> oxytocin -> blood (oxytocin?) -> muscle contraction Milk letdown

64
Q

define meiosis

A

cell division resulting in haploid cells (23 chromosones)

65
Q

different stages of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia -> spermatocyte -> spermatid

66
Q

where do spermatids develop the movement of their flagella

A

epididymis

67
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium: outermost layer

Myometrium: Middle Layer- made up of smooth muscles (provides support) contracts to force baby out

Endometrium: innermost layer - where implantation occurs - supplies nutrients to the embryo and is sloughed off periodically in non pregnant woman(menstruation)

68
Q

where does implantation occur

A

endometrium layer

69
Q

where are eggs produced

A

in the follicles in the ovary

70
Q

Function of the ovaries

A

produces egg from follicle
produces estrogen and progesterone

71
Q

Function of Estrogen

A

causes mitosis (cell division) to occur in endometrium layer - for embryo to implant in uterus

72
Q

Function of Prgesterone

A

maintains lining of uterus - stops uterine contractions

73
Q

what is oogenesis

A

production of egg cells via meiosis
starting with primary oocyte ends with 1 egg

74
Q

what is a follicle cell and its functions

A

cells that surround the egg

helps nourish developing egg - produces estrogen -> later porgesterone

75
Q

stages of egg development

A

oogonium -> oocyte -> ovum

76
Q

where does oogenesis occur

A

follicles

77
Q

what cells does a follicle contain

A

primary oocyte
granulosa: layer of cells forms follicle wall
- provides nutrients for developing oocyte

78
Q

stages of oogenesis

A

oogonia -> undergoes mitosis -> primary oocyte -> unergoes meiotic division-> second oocyte - egg

79
Q

LH function in Females

A

Stimulates Corpus Luteum - produces progesterone

80
Q

FSH function in Females

A

stimulates follicle (before CL) secretes estrogen -> positive feedback with LH

Biology (8 decks)

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