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Biology > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What system does the endocrine system work in conjunction with and why

A

Endocrine - To maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Function of Glial Cells

A

Structural and nutritional support

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3
Q

Function of a Neuron

A

conduct nerve impulses through the body
- supported by glial cells

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4
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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5
Q

Name the structures of a Neuron in order of a nerv impulse pathway

A

Dendrite -> Axon + Myelin Sheath -> node of ranvier -> Shwann Cell -> Terminal Axon

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6
Q

Function of Dendrite

A

branches that accept nerve impulses from other neurons and sends them to the cell body

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7
Q

Function of Axon

A

longer axons that carry nerve impulse away from cell body

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8
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

surrounds axons - insulates neuron and SPEEDS UP RATE of impulse transmission

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9
Q

Function of a Shwann Cell

A

Responsible for producing myelin sheath

  • type of glial cell
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10
Q

Function of Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps between Shwann Cell- electrical impulses jump from node to node (perform saltatory conduction)

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11
Q

function of axon terminal

A

passes nerve impulse to dendrite of adjoining neuron

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12
Q

What is the function of Myelination

A

Myelination of Neurons is used for proper signal transduction within nervous system

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13
Q

Characteristics of myelinated neuron

A

White matter of brain
- conducts nerve impulses
-regenerate after injury

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14
Q

Characteristics of Unmyelinated Neurons

A

Grey matter of brain
- processes information
- generates nerve impulses
- cannot regenerate

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15
Q

Function of sensory neurons

A

Efferent (towards brain)
- gather information from sensory receptors (5 senses) and transmits them to the brain

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16
Q

Function of Interneurons

A

Messenger
Process and Integrate incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and relays outgoing information to motor neurons

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17
Q

Function of Motor Neurons

A

Afferent (away from brain)
Transmits signals to effectors from the brain (interneurons)

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18
Q

What is the simplest Nerve Pathway and how does it work

A

Reflex Arc
a neural circuit that passes through interneurons in spinal cord for immediate response

INVOLUNTARY

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19
Q

What are the essential components for a reflex arc in order from stimulation (prick your finger)

A

sensory neuron -> interneuron (in spinal chord) -> motor neuron -> effector (muscle or gland)

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20
Q

What determines the speed of an impulse

A

Myelin Sheath
myelinated axons send impulses faster

Diameter of Axon - bigger = faster

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21
Q

is a nerve impulse or action potential chemical, electrical or both

A

both

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22
Q

Neuron in resting state

A

Inside is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive

-70 mV (charge INSIDE neuron)

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23
Q

During the Resting state is there more potassium inside or outside

A

inside

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24
Q

If Potassium is able to diffuse out of cell more easily than sodium cells, how is this balanced out

A

Na+/K+ pump (in axon)

3 Na+ out ~ 2 K+ In

-70 mV is maintained as result

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25
Q

Explain the movement of Potassium and Sodium ions during a Nerve Impulse

A

Polarized/resting: Inside more negative than outside (-70 mV) more K inside

Depolarized: Action Potential occurs when neuron is FULLY stimulated by electrical impulse (must meet threshold)
- Na rushes into cell -> more positive inside (40 mV)

Repolarization: Action potential peaks, Na+ gates close and K+ rushes out of axon

  • Back to more negative inside BUT NA+ is more abundant inside
  • Na+/K+ pump activates and exchanges Na+ for K+

Refractory period: K+/Na+ pump overshoots and cell becomes hyperpolarized (-90 mV)
-second action potential CANNOT occur during this time until potential of neuron is restored (-70 mV)

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26
Q

Two Key points to the threshold potential (depolarization)

A

if threshold of -55 is not met, action potential will not occur AT ALL

  • increasing stimulus strength does not increase impulse strength
  • severity of impulse is determined by frequency (slap - rapid) (handshake - slow)
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27
Q

What are key notes to the refractory period

A

Membrane cannot be made permeable to Na+ = depolarization cannot occur

Stronger impulse will take longer for nerve to recover

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28
Q

Ions during Polarized Stage

A

More Potassium inside than out

Negative inside Neuron

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29
Q

Ions during Depolarized Stage

A

Potassium leaves Neuron

Neuron is now positive inside (+40 mV)

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30
Q

Ions during repolarizing period

A

More Na+ inside
Negative inside

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31
Q

How is a signal passed from neuron to neuron

A

Axon terminal is close to Dendrite of another neuron

Signal passes through Synapse (space between axon terminal and dendrite)

32
Q

What are the two types of Neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

33
Q

Function of an excitatory neuron

A

Causes Na+ channels of post synaptic membrane to open resulting in depolarization

34
Q

Example of an excitatory Neuron

A

Acetycholine: causes contractions of muscle fibers
- cholinesterase (enzyme) breaks down acetycholine after action potential occurs - if cholinesterase is not released, muscle will remain in state of constant comtraction

35
Q

Function of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

Triggers K+ channels to open - lowers membrane potential

36
Q

What is summation

A

single action potential from one neuron is too small to trigger action potential in post-synaptic neuron

Summation: Effect produced by accumulation of neurotransmitters from more than one neuron.

37
Q

Function of Cerebrum

A

Separates the left and right hemisphere of brain (4 lobes):

Sensing, thinking, learning, Emotion, Consciousness, voluntary movement

38
Q

Function Corpus Callosum

A

fibres that connect L & R hemisphere

39
Q

Function of Pons

A

sleep and arousal

40
Q

Medulla

A

regulates Involuntary functions - breathing, circulation

41
Q

Function Pituitary gland

A

regulates Release of hormones

42
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Regulates homeostasis
(hunger, thirst, temperature)

43
Q

Function Cerebellum

A

Responsible for fine muscle movement and balance

44
Q

Difference between Left and Right hemisphere

A

Left: Analytical and logical
Right: Creative and Abstract

45
Q

Function of Frontal Lobe

A

Responsible for:
Conscious thought
Memory, personality and intelligence
VOLUNTARY muscle movement
Bronca’s (language production)

46
Q

Define Somatic

A

Voluntary

47
Q

Function of Parietal Lobe

A

Responsible for:
Touch
Taste

48
Q

Function of Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for:
Auditory reception (hearing)
Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)

49
Q

Function of occipital Lobe

A

processes visual information

50
Q

What is Aphasia

A

Language impariment
Broca’s (Production)
Wernicke’s (Comprehension)

51
Q

What is the autonomic system

A

Involuntary control
Maintains homeostasis

52
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic system

A

Sympathetic - Stress Response (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
Parasympathetic - relaxed state (acetycholine)

53
Q

Events that may happen during sympathetic response (stress)

A

Increased Heart Rate
Decreased Peristalsis
Increased Glucose Release (for energy)
Dilate pupils (expand)
inhibits urination
decreases blood flow (blood goes to muscles)
Dilates Brochioles

54
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

Brain filters out consistent sensory information (wearing clothes) to prevent over-stimulation

55
Q

Function of Sclera

A

Outer Layer:
Cornea: Front of Sclera
-protective layer
-light is refracted through cornea

56
Q

Function of Choroid

A

Middle Layer
contain blood vessels: nourish eye
Dark to absorb light

Ciliary body: muscles attached to lens for focus

Iris: muscle - controls amount of light entering eye

57
Q

Function of Retina

A

Inner Layer
Ganglion Layer: forms optic nerve that exits back of eye (blind spot/optic disc)

Photoreceptor layer:
Rods: NIGHT VISION

Cones: Colour
- Fovea Centralis has the most cones = best vision

58
Q

What is the Fovea Centralis

A

Where the most cones are found which means the most accute vision is in this area

59
Q

Function of Pupil

A

The opening in the front of the eye
Adaptation: Dilates or Constricts

60
Q

Function of the Lens

A

Focuses Light on Retina
Accomodation: lens change shape based on distance

61
Q

Difference between aqueous humour and virtuous humour

A

Virtuous: maintains eyeball shape
Aqueous: maintains cornea shape

62
Q

What is the vision pathway (light enters first)

A

cornea > pupil > lens > retina > optic nerve > occipital lobe

63
Q

What is Myopia

A

Nearsighted:
can only see near you
eyeball is elongated light falls in front of retina

64
Q

What is Hyperopia

A

Farsighted:
Can only see far
eyeball is shortened - light falls behind retin

65
Q

What is colourblindess affected by

A

Lack cones

66
Q

Function of Pinna

A

Outer ear lobe
sound waves directed into auditory canal

67
Q

Function of the Auditory Canal

A

Tube:
guides sound waves to tympanum(eardrum)

68
Q

Function of the tympanum

A

Divides inner and outer ear:
Sound waves push against tympanum and vibrations passed on and amplified by ossicle (three bones that vibrate together)

69
Q

Function of Oval Window

A

Vibrations concentrated on oval window and cause pressure change

70
Q

Function of organ of corti

A

inside of Cochlea:
Contain hair cells that generate action potential in AUDITORY NERVE and sends to temporal lobe

71
Q

Function of Auditory Nerve

A

Sends action potential to temporal lobe

  • Last piece of pathway
72
Q

Function of Semicircular Canals

A

Maintains Balance

73
Q

Function of Eustachian Tube

A

connects to throat to equalize pressure

74
Q

Function of Olfactory Cells

A

Line Nasal Cavity:
transmits signals to olfactory bulb in brain

75
Q

are motor neurons afferent or efferent

A

efferent (exit the brain)

76
Q

are sensory neurons efferent or afferent

A

afferent (to the brain)

Biology (8 decks)

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