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Animal Body Systems & Cases > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the reproductive tract originate from

A

The embryonic mesoderm

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2
Q

What does the kidney originate from

A

The metanephric diverticulum (from the mesonephros)

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3
Q

What hormone destroys the Müllerian duct and what produces it

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone, produced under influence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome

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4
Q

What is the gubernaculum

A

A cord that extends from the testicle into the inguinal canal

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5
Q

Which layers of fascia make up the vaginal tunic

A

The visceral and parietal peritoneum

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6
Q

What does the gubernaculum become after testicles have descended through the inguinal canal

A
  1. The proper ligament of the testicle
  2. The ligament of the tail of the epididymis
  3. The scrotal ligament
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7
Q

In the genetic female, germ cells become ___
In the genetic male, germ cells become ___

A

Female: oogonia
Male: spermatogonia

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8
Q

Which cells direct male development

A

Seritoli cells

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9
Q

Which cells direct female development

A

Granulosa cells

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10
Q

Which class of hormone drives penis developement

A

Androgens

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11
Q

Which class of hormone drives vulva development

A

Estrogens

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12
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the pituitary gland

A
  1. Anterior lobe
  2. Posterior lobe
  3. Intermediate lobe
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13
Q

Where does the hypothalamus sit

A

Between the midbrain and forebrain

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14
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via axons of neurons

A

The posterior lobe

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15
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior lobe of the pituitary

A

Via a vascular network

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16
Q

Which reproductive hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A

GnRH and oxytocin

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17
Q

Which reproductive hormones are produced by the pituitary gland

A

LH, FSH and prolactin

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18
Q

GnRH: function

A

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH

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19
Q

LH: funtion

A

Triggers ovulation and CL development in females
Stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells in males

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20
Q

FSH: function

A

Stimulates estradiol production in granulosa cells
Acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate sperm production

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21
Q

Oxytocin: function

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk let down

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22
Q

Prolactin: function

A

Stimulates milk production in the mammary gland and inhibits GnRH production (and thus FSH and LH production)

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23
Q

How does GnRH control the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

When GnRH pulse frequency is high, LH is released
When GnRH pulse frequency is low, FSH is released

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24
Q

How do FSH and LH inhibit GnRH production

A

They stimulate the production of steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol and progesterone) that inhibit GnRH production

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25
Q

Which cells in the anterior pituitary secrete FSH and LH

A

Gonadotroph cells

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26
Q

Where is oxytocin stored

A

In the pituitary gland

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27
Q

Which cells in the anterior pituitary produce prolactin

A

Lactotroph cells

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28
Q

Explain the difference in how oxytocin and prolactin are produced

A

Oxytocin is produced via positive feedback from itself
Prolactin is only produced when the ‘brakes’ come off (main break is dopamine)

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29
Q

Define puberty in the female

A

The age at which the female can support a pregnancy

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30
Q

Define puberty in the male

A

The age at which ejaculate contains enough sperm to fertilize

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31
Q

Explain the gonadostat theory of puberty

A

Before puberty, the hypothalamus is very sensitive to negative feedback from gonadal steroids, so there is very low levels of GnRH produced (and no LH surge)
At puberty, the hypothalamus is much less sensitive so there is increased GnRH and gonadotropin release

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32
Q

Explain the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis theory

A

GnRH inhibition is independent of gonadal steroid feedback until puberty, and an increase in GnRH pulsatility as the structures mature is the trigger for puberty

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33
Q

List 4 factors influencing puberty

A
  1. Age & Bodyweight
  2. Nutrition
  3. Social & Environmental
  4. Genetics
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34
Q

Where does the proliferation stage of spermatogenesis occur

A

In the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule

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35
Q

Where does the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis occur

A

In the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule

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36
Q

Which stage of spermatogenesis ends with primary spermatocytes

A

Proliferation (first)

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37
Q

Which stage of spermatogenesis ends with spermatids

A

Meiosis (second)

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38
Q

List 4 changes that occur in the final differentiation stage of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Formation of acrosome
  2. Nuclear condensation
  3. Flagellar development
  4. Phagocytosis of unwanted cytoplasm
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39
Q

Where does the final maturation stage of spermatogenesis occur

A

The epididymis

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40
Q

What forms the blood:testis barrier

A

The tight junctions between Sertoli cells that divide the tubule lumen in the basal and adluminal compartments

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41
Q

What is the role of the blood:testis barrier

A

It prevents spermatozoa from leaking into circulation because the body’s immune system is intolerant to spermatozoa antigens and helps keeps the lumen environment optimal for sperm development

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42
Q

Which piece of the sperm flagellum contains the mitochondria

A

The midpiece

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43
Q

Which piece of the sperm flagellum contains a fibrous sheath that provides support and the beat

A

The principal piece

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44
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take

A

~60 days

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45
Q

Where do ovarian follicles develop

A

Within the cortical tissue

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46
Q

Describe a primordial follicle

A

Immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cells

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47
Q

Describe a primary follicle

A

A slightly more advanced form of a primordial follicle, it will either go on further of degenerate

48
Q

Describe a secondary follicle

A

An oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of cells, but with no antrum or cavity

49
Q

Describe a tertiary follicle

A

An oocyte surrounded by a number of cells layers, with a cell cavity/antrum filled with follicular fluid

50
Q

What forms the zona pellucida in the primordial follicular growth phase

A

Glycoproteins secreted from the immature oocyte

51
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

A ‘shell’ that separates the oocyte from surrounding granulosa cells

52
Q

Where do theca cells originate from

A

From the condensation of ovarian stromal cells

53
Q

At which stage of follicular growth are follicles dependent on hormonal control

A

The antral stage

54
Q

Describe the sequence of hormone release/action in the antral stage of follicular growth

A
  1. FSH is released and acts on granulosa cells
  2. Granulosa cells are activated and convert the androgens produced by theca cells into estradiol
  3. More estradiol is produced and stimulates LH receptors to appear on granulosa cells
55
Q

What event needs to happen for a follicle to enter the preovulatory stage of development

A

An LH surge (coinciding with the appearance of LH receptors on granulosa cells)

56
Q

List 3 effects of LH on a follicle

A
  1. Rapid expansion of granulosa and thecal cells
  2. Rapid increase in follicular fluid
  3. Increase in blood flow to the follicle
57
Q

Define spontaneous ovulation

A

Ovulation occurs regardless of mating

58
Q

Define induced ovulation

A

Ovulation occurs in response to mating, pheromones or sperm derived factors

59
Q

What does the ovarian follicle become after ovulation (release of the oocyte)

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

60
Q

When the follicular BM breaks down after ovulation, granulosa cells become ___

A

Large luteal cells

61
Q

When the follicular BM breaks down after ovulation, theca cells become ___

A

Small luteal cells

62
Q

What is the main hormone produced by the corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

63
Q

List 3 luteolytic hormones

A
  1. LH
  2. Prostaglandin E2
  3. Prolactin
64
Q

List the principal luteolytic hormone

A

Prostaglandin F2a

65
Q

What produces prostaglandin F2a

A

The uterus

66
Q

Which follicular cells have FSH receptors

A

Granulosa cells

67
Q

What are the 3 stages of reproductive behavior in the male

A
  1. Precopulatory
  2. Copulatory
  3. Postcopulatory
68
Q

What are the 3 stages of reproductive behavior in the female

A
  1. Attractivity
  2. Proceptivity
  3. Receptivity
69
Q

When do females tend to display sexual behaviour

A

During the follicular phase when estradiol is high

70
Q

List 5 steps in how reproductive behavior is controlled by the CNS

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Hypothalamic neurons release peptides in response to increased E2
  3. Peptides act on midbrain to speed up the signal
  4. Signal synapses with the medulla to integrate a postural response
  5. Signal is sent to the body for lordosis and mounting
71
Q

What happens first in the process of an erection

A

The relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle and increased blood flow to cavernosal spaces

72
Q

List 3 things that stimulate the ejaculation reflex

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Tactile sensation
  3. Temperature (in the bull)
73
Q

What is vesiculization

A

The fusion of the plasma membrane of the egg and acrosomal membrane of the sperm - this creates pores in the plasma membrane and allows acrosomal enzymes to pass through

74
Q

Define syngamy

A

The fusion of male and female nuclei to form a zygote

75
Q

What are the 4 concentric layers of the female reproductive tract from outermost to innermost

A
  1. Serosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Submucosa
  4. Mucosa
76
Q

What makes up the broad ligament of the uterus

A

Mesovarium, mesosalpinx and mesometrium

77
Q

What is the name of the female reproductive system common to both the urinary and reproductive tract

A

The vestibule (part of the caudal vagina)

78
Q

What is different about the ovary in a mare

A

The structure is reversed, with the cortex in the center of the ovary and medulla surrounding it

79
Q

What are the 4 steps of implantation

A
  1. Hatching of the blastocyst
  2. Apposition next to the endometrium
  3. Adhesion
  4. Attachment/Invasion
80
Q

When is the viability of an embryo strongly influenced by maternal factors

A

From implantation onwards

81
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant in litter bearing species

A

Evenly spaced throughout the uterine horns

82
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant in ruminants

A

In the ipsilateral horn of the ovulated follicle
The second migrates to the contralateral horn (in sheep)

83
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant in horses

A

It will migrate between both horns

84
Q

Which species have a diffuse placenta

A

Horses and pigs

85
Q

Which species have a cotyledonary placenta

A

Ruminants

86
Q

Which species have a zonary placenta

A

Carnivores (including dogs)

87
Q

Which species have a discoid placenta

A

Primates and rodents

88
Q

What is a placentome

A

The cotyledon-caruncle complex associated with a cotyledonary placenta

89
Q

What is the fetal portion of the allantochorin in cotyledonary placenta

A

The cotyledons

90
Q

What is the maternal portion of the allantochorin in cotyledonary placenta

A

Caruncles

91
Q

Describe a epitheliochorial placenta

A

Fetal chorion and uterine endometrial epithelium are in direct contact

92
Q

Describe a synepithelialchorial placenta

A

Fetal chorion and uterine endometrial epithelium are in direct contact and the fetal trophoblasts fuse with endometrial cells to form binucleate cells

93
Q

Describe a endothelialchorial placenta

A

The chorion is in direct contact with endothelium of the blood vessels of the dam

94
Q

Describe a hemochorial placenta

A

Fetal vessels and chorion are invaginated into pools of maternal blood

95
Q

List 5 functions of the placenta

A
  1. Provide oxygen and nutrients
  2. Provide hormones
  3. Remove waste
  4. Thermo-regulation
  5. Confer passive immunity
96
Q

What forms the yolk sac

A

The endodermal cells that separated from the embryonic disc and line the cavity containing the blastocyst

97
Q

What forms the chorion

A

The amniotic folds (caused by the yolk sac growing upwards) fusing with the trophoblast layer (initial layer lining the blastocyst)

98
Q

What forms the allantois

A

An outgrowth from the primitive gut

99
Q

What forms the aminon

A

Trophectoderm and mesoderm layers, left after the amniotic folds fuse

100
Q

What forms the chorioallantoic placenta

A

The fusion of the allantois and chorion

101
Q

How does the ruminant conceptus prevent luteolysis in order for the pregnancy to continue

A

By producing interferon tau (IFNt), which binds to oxytocin receptors, blocking oxytocin from stimulating the endometrium to produce PGF2a

102
Q

How does the equine conceptus prevent luteolysis in order for the pregnancy to continue

A

High mobility of the embryo acts as an anti-luteolysis signal

103
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of placental exchange

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
104
Q

What 2 things does the oxygen supply to the fetus depend on

A
  1. Blood oxygen content and flow rate in the uterine and umbilical arteries
  2. The diffusing capacity of the placenta
105
Q

Why is the fetus so good at using less oxygen

A

Their hemoglobin concentration is 50% higher, and it has a greater oxygen carrying capacity

106
Q

Which species acquire passive immunity from the placenta

A

Primates and rodents

107
Q

How can IgG be transferred across the mammalian placenta

A

By binding to the FCrN receptor on the surface of syncytiotrophoblasts

108
Q

Define fetal programming

A

The concept that events occur during critical points during pregnancy that can cause long term effects on the fetus and offspring after birth

109
Q

What are the 3 stages of parturition

A
  1. Initiation of myometrial contractions
  2. Expulsion of the fetus
  3. Expulsion of the fetal membranes
110
Q

What hormones are involved in the first stage of parturition, the initiation of myometrial contractions, and what does each one do

A

E2: indirect removal of P4 block and activates contractions
Oxytocin: initiate myometrial contractions
PGF2a: regresses CL and activates contractions

111
Q

What hormones are involved in the second stage of parturition, expulsion of the fetus, and what does each one do

A

E2: provides mucus and lubrication
PGF: stimulates relaxin

112
Q

List 3 events (in order) that occur in the third step of parturition, expulsion of the fetal membranes

A
  1. Vasoconstriction to dislodge chorionic villi from the maternal side
  2. Contractions for physical expulsion of the placenta
  3. Maternal immune response against fetal membranes
113
Q

What is the name of the discharge containing remnants of fetal and maternal tissue a few days after birth

A

Iochia

114
Q

List 2 things that happen to the uterus following birth

A
  1. Uterine involution
  2. Endometrial regeneration
115
Q

What is uterine involution

A

The return of the uterus to its normal size

116
Q

List 5 factors affecting the resumption of ovarian cyclycity

A
  1. BCS
  2. Energy balance
  3. Retained fetal membranes
  4. Endometritis
  5. Mastitis/lameness
117
Q

List 5 common postpartum disorders in mammals

A
  1. Retained placenta
  2. Milk fever
  3. Negative energy balance
  4. Mastitis
  5. Endometritis

Animal Body Systems & Cases (10 decks)

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