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Animal Body Systems & Cases > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

The process of transformation and use of energy and materials that occur within the cells of living organisms

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2
Q

___ is the source for most energy-requiring processes

A

ATP hydrolysis

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3
Q

Define anabolism

A

Using energy to build complex structures

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4
Q

Define catabolism

A

Molecules being broken down to yield energy

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5
Q

The most abundant molecule in the body __

A

Water

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6
Q

Hydroxyl group: properties

A

Polar, soluble

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7
Q

Carbonyl groups: properties

A

Polar, soluble over 6C

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8
Q

Carboxyl groups: properties

A

Polar, may ionize to release H+

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9
Q

Amino groups: properties

A

Polar, may accept H+

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10
Q

Formation of macromolecules occurs as a ___ reaction

A

Condenstation

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11
Q

Breakdown of macromolecules occurs as a ___ reaction

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

What is major form of dietary lipids

A

Triglycerides

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13
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride

A

1 x glycerol
3 x fatty acids

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of an amino acid

A
  1. Amino group
  2. Carboxyl group
  3. Carbon-containing R side chain (this determines the amino acid’s properties)
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15
Q

What is an example of nucleotide

A

ATP (major energy transfer molecule)

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16
Q

Define a vitamin

A

An organic compound that cannot be synthesized and are required in small amounts in the diet

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17
Q

Give an example of a vitamin that is a dietary requirement for dogs and cats but not humans

A

Vitamin D

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18
Q

What is the function of an enzyme

A

It lowers the activation energy of a reaction

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19
Q

Define a committing enzyme

A

An enzyme that catalyzes one of the first, essentially irreversible, steps in a reaction

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20
Q

Committing enzymes are often regulated by __

A

Hormones

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21
Q

Define reciprocal control

A

The conditions promoting one process inhibits the reverse process

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22
Q

What is the energy source for most cellular processes

A

ATP hydrolysis

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23
Q

The formation of ATP from ADP is achieved by…?

A

Catabolism of dietary nutrients

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24
Q

Explain the term oxidation in the sense of nutrient catabolism

A

Carbon compounds (nutrients) are oxidized to release energy, this involves the loss of electrons
Ex. C compound to CO2

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25
Q

What is reduced when carbon compounds are oxidized?

A

Electron carriers (NAD, FAD, NADP)

26
Q

The ultimate electron acceptor is ___?

A

Molecular oxygen (it is reduced to H20)

27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

The cytosol

28
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis yield

A

2 ATP

29
Q

What is different about NAD regeneration in aerobic vs anaerobic glycolysis

A

Aerobic - NAD is regenerated by cellular respiration
Anaerobic - NAD is regenerated through the formation of lactate

30
Q

Where does the TCA cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial inner matrix

31
Q

What part of acetyl-coA goes into the TCA cycle

A

The 2-C acetate (coA just carry’s it)

32
Q

What are the outputs of one turn the TCA cycle?

A

2 x CO2
5 x co-enzymes (reduced)
1 x ATP

33
Q

How many ATP does the ETC generate?

A

34 ATP

34
Q

What are the 4 major metabolic fuels

A

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketone bodies

35
Q

Why are amino acid carbon skeletons important?

A

They are used as metabolic intermediates

36
Q

What is the process of breaking a fatty acid hydrocarbon chain into 2-carbon units, yielding ATP, AcetylCoA and reduced coenzymes

A

Beta-oxidation

37
Q

Abnormally elevated ketone bodies in the blood can lead to __

A

Acidosis

38
Q

In an aerobic organism, metabolic rate =

A

Rate of oxygen consumption

39
Q

Define BMR

A

The minimum power requirement to maintain tissues and essential life functions

40
Q

When is an animal in energy balance?

A

When the chemical energy within its body remains constant

41
Q

In the absorptive phase, carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into the __

A

Portal vein

42
Q

In the absorptive phase, lipids, are absorbed into the __

A

Bloodstream

43
Q

What two things are made from glucose in the liver

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Triglyceride
44
Q

What is adipose lipoprotein lipase promoted by?

A

Insulin

45
Q

What does LDL do?

A

Transports cholesterol into tissues

46
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Transports cholesterol out of tissues (good)

47
Q

ALL glucose in carnivores (50% in ruminants) is formed from what?

A

Amino acids

48
Q

Name 3 things that carbon skeletons from amino acids are used for

A
  1. Oxidation (energy)
  2. Glucose
  3. Fat/glycogen
49
Q

Name two tissues for which glucose is essential

A
  1. Brain/nervous tissue
  2. Renal medulla
50
Q

Name 3 ways the liver directly maintains plasma glucose in the post absorptive phase

A
  1. Stops taking up glucose
  2. Mobilization of glycogen stores
  3. New production of glucose from non-carb substrates (gluconeogenesis)
51
Q

Only tissues that express ___ can release free glucose into the plasma

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme

52
Q

Muscle glucose in hydrolyzed in response to __

A

Exercise

53
Q

What is the major source of plasma glucose when there is no GI absorption

A

Gluconeogenesis

54
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

55
Q

What are 4 precursors for gluconeogenesis

A
  1. Lactate
  2. Amino acids
  3. Glycerol
  4. Propionate
56
Q

To act as a gluconeogenic precursor, a substrate needs to ___

A

Form pyruvate, or otherwise generate oxaloacetate

57
Q

What is the cori cycle

A

When lactate from muscle is converted to glucose by the liver and taken up/used by muscles and other tissue

58
Q

When can fatty liver occur

A

If mobilization of fatty acids from adipose exceeds the liver’s capacity to synthesize and export lipoproteins

59
Q

Where does ketone body synthesis occur

A

In the mitochondria of hepatocytes

60
Q

The breakdown of glycogen yields __

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

61
Q

___ is a key metabolite in GNG

A

Oxaloacetate

Animal Body Systems & Cases (10 decks)

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