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biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many cell divisions does mitosis have?

A

1

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2
Q

How many cell divisions does meiosis have?

A

2

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3
Q

Mitosis produces genetically…

A

identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Meiosis produces genetically…

A

different/ non-identical daughter cells

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5
Q

Does mitosis produce haploid or diploid cells?

A

diploid - full set of genetic information

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6
Q

Does meiosis produce haploid or diploid cells?

A

haploid - half set of genetic information

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7
Q

What is mitosis used for in the body?

A

growth, repair, replacement - generates all adult cells (except gametes)

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8
Q

What is meiosis used for in the body?

A

to produce gametes

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9
Q

Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

sexual

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10
Q

Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

asexual - cloning

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11
Q

What is human fertilisation?

A

fusion of haploid male and female gametes, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote

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12
Q

Where is the site of fertilisation in humans?

A

oviduct

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13
Q

The oviduct is lined with what to help it move?

A

cilia

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14
Q

What does the urethra transport?

A

urine or semen

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15
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles and prostrate gland?

A

release liquids into sperm duct which mixes with sperm cells to form SEMEN - provides nutrients to the sperm

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16
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

-nutrients move from mother to embryo
-metabolic wastes (e.g. urea, CO2) move from embryo to mother

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17
Q

What nutrients pass from the mother to embryo through the placenta?

A

-glucose and oxygen: respiration
-amino acids: protein synthesis
-fatty acids and glycerol: lipid synthesis

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18
Q

How do materials move from the mother to the embryo?

A

via diffusion

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19
Q

Why is there no physical connection between the mother and the embryo’s circulatory systems?

A

-difference in blood pressure
-no white blood cells in embryo’s blood

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20
Q

What hormone is responsible for male’s secondary sexual characteristics?

A

testosterone

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21
Q

What hormone is responsible for female’s secondary sexual characteristics?

A

oestrogen

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22
Q

Where are FSH and LH secreted from?

A

pituitary gland

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23
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted from?

A

follicle in ovary

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24
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

ovary (corpus luteum)

25
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

stimulates follicle growth

26
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

ovulation

27
Q

What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A

helps uterus lining thicken

28
Q

Oestrogen inhibits…

A

FSH

29
Q

Oestrogen stimulates…

A

LH

30
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

helps maintain thickness of uterus lining

31
Q

Progesterone inhibits…

A

LH + FSH

32
Q

What happens between day 1 and 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining sheds

33
Q

What happens between day 4 and 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining builds up - oestrogen

34
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation

35
Q

What happens between day 14 and 28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

uterus lining maintained - progesterone

36
Q

What 3 steps need to occur for a plant to sexually reproduce?

A

pollination, fertilisation, germination

37
Q

What are the plant sites of fertilisation and pollination?

A

flowers - sexual organs

38
Q

Give 3 examples of asexual reproduction in plants.

A

runners, tubers, bulbs

39
Q

How are runners an example of asexual reproduction?

A

a new plant is produced when the runner touches the ground - e.g. strawberry

40
Q

Where is the pollen produced?

A

anther

41
Q

What makes up the stamen (male sex organ)?

A

anther + filament

42
Q

Where is the ova produced?

A

ovules, found in ovary

43
Q

How is a plant pollinated? (seed formation)

A
  1. pollen grain lands on stigma
  2. pollen tube grows from pollen grain down style
  3. pollen tube binds with ovule in ovary
  4. pollen grain’s nucleus travels down pollen tube
  5. nucleus fuses with ova in ovule - forms zygote
44
Q

How is a fruit formed?

A
  1. zygote develops into an embryonic plant with small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
  2. other contents of ovule develop into a food store
  3. OVULE wall becomes seed coat
  4. OVARY wall becomes fruit coat
45
Q

Ovule wall becomes…

A

seed coat (testa)

46
Q

Ovary wall becomes…

A

fruit coat

47
Q

Fruit formation is when a zygote develops into an…

A

embryonic plant - small root and shoot

48
Q

What conditions do seeds require to germinate?

A

oxygen, warmth, water

49
Q

What happens during germination?

A

root grows downwards, shoot grows up - once first leaf is produced germination is no longer needed as the plant can photosynthesise

50
Q

Why do seeds need oxygen to germinate?

A

aerobic respiration

51
Q

Why do seeds need warmth to germinate?

A

optimum temp for enzymes - increase enzyme activity

52
Q

Why do seeds need water to germinate?

A

activate enzymes

53
Q

How can we investigate the factors effecting germination?

A

add cress seeds to cotton wool in test tubes under different conditions - moist cotton wool, lack of oxygen, no light, no warmth

54
Q

How do germinating plants utilise their food stores?

A

need lots of energy - enzymes break down food stores (e.g. carbohydrates) to be used in respiration

55
Q

What is a method of artificial propagation?

A

cutting

56
Q

How does cuttings cultivate a new plant asexually?

A

small pieces of stem with some leaves attached placed in a damp compost - grows roots and develops into a new plant

57
Q

What membrane encloses the developing embryo?

A

amnion

58
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

protects embryo from mechanical shocks and temperature fluctuations

biology (13 decks)

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