Reproduction Flashcards
How many cell divisions does mitosis have?
1
How many cell divisions does meiosis have?
2
Mitosis produces genetically…
identical daughter cells
Meiosis produces genetically…
different/ non-identical daughter cells
Does mitosis produce haploid or diploid cells?
diploid - full set of genetic information
Does meiosis produce haploid or diploid cells?
haploid - half set of genetic information
What is mitosis used for in the body?
growth, repair, replacement - generates all adult cells (except gametes)
What is meiosis used for in the body?
to produce gametes
Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction?
sexual
Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?
asexual - cloning
What is human fertilisation?
fusion of haploid male and female gametes, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote
Where is the site of fertilisation in humans?
oviduct
The oviduct is lined with what to help it move?
cilia
What does the urethra transport?
urine or semen
What is the function of the seminal vesicles and prostrate gland?
release liquids into sperm duct which mixes with sperm cells to form SEMEN - provides nutrients to the sperm
What is the role of the placenta?
-nutrients move from mother to embryo
-metabolic wastes (e.g. urea, CO2) move from embryo to mother
What nutrients pass from the mother to embryo through the placenta?
-glucose and oxygen: respiration
-amino acids: protein synthesis
-fatty acids and glycerol: lipid synthesis
How do materials move from the mother to the embryo?
via diffusion
Why is there no physical connection between the mother and the embryo’s circulatory systems?
-difference in blood pressure
-no white blood cells in embryo’s blood
What hormone is responsible for male’s secondary sexual characteristics?
testosterone
What hormone is responsible for female’s secondary sexual characteristics?
oestrogen
Where are FSH and LH secreted from?
pituitary gland
Where is oestrogen secreted from?
follicle in ovary
Where is progesterone secreted from?
ovary (corpus luteum)
What is the function of FSH?
stimulates follicle growth
What is the function of LH?
ovulation
What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
helps uterus lining thicken
Oestrogen inhibits…
FSH
Oestrogen stimulates…
LH
What is the function of progesterone?
helps maintain thickness of uterus lining
Progesterone inhibits…
LH + FSH
What happens between day 1 and 4 of the menstrual cycle?
uterus lining sheds
What happens between day 4 and 14 of the menstrual cycle?
uterus lining builds up - oestrogen
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
ovulation
What happens between day 14 and 28 of the menstrual cycle?
uterus lining maintained - progesterone
What 3 steps need to occur for a plant to sexually reproduce?
pollination, fertilisation, germination
What are the plant sites of fertilisation and pollination?
flowers - sexual organs
Give 3 examples of asexual reproduction in plants.
runners, tubers, bulbs
How are runners an example of asexual reproduction?
a new plant is produced when the runner touches the ground - e.g. strawberry
Where is the pollen produced?
anther
What makes up the stamen (male sex organ)?
anther + filament
Where is the ova produced?
ovules, found in ovary
How is a plant pollinated? (seed formation)
- pollen grain lands on stigma
- pollen tube grows from pollen grain down style
- pollen tube binds with ovule in ovary
- pollen grain’s nucleus travels down pollen tube
- nucleus fuses with ova in ovule - forms zygote
How is a fruit formed?
- zygote develops into an embryonic plant with small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule)
- other contents of ovule develop into a food store
- OVULE wall becomes seed coat
- OVARY wall becomes fruit coat
Ovule wall becomes…
seed coat (testa)
Ovary wall becomes…
fruit coat
Fruit formation is when a zygote develops into an…
embryonic plant - small root and shoot
What conditions do seeds require to germinate?
oxygen, warmth, water
What happens during germination?
root grows downwards, shoot grows up - once first leaf is produced germination is no longer needed as the plant can photosynthesise
Why do seeds need oxygen to germinate?
aerobic respiration
Why do seeds need warmth to germinate?
optimum temp for enzymes - increase enzyme activity
Why do seeds need water to germinate?
activate enzymes
How can we investigate the factors effecting germination?
add cress seeds to cotton wool in test tubes under different conditions - moist cotton wool, lack of oxygen, no light, no warmth
How do germinating plants utilise their food stores?
need lots of energy - enzymes break down food stores (e.g. carbohydrates) to be used in respiration
What is a method of artificial propagation?
cutting
How does cuttings cultivate a new plant asexually?
small pieces of stem with some leaves attached placed in a damp compost - grows roots and develops into a new plant
What membrane encloses the developing embryo?
amnion
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
protects embryo from mechanical shocks and temperature fluctuations
