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biology > Co-ordination and control > Flashcards

Co-ordination and control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 2 organ systems help humans respond to change?

A

-nervous system
-endocrine system

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2
Q

What 3 things does a co-ordinated response require?

A

-stimulus
-receptor
-effector

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3
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

change in animal’s surroundings

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4
Q

What is the receptor?

A

organ that detects the change (e.g. your eye)

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5
Q

What do receptors do?

A

detect the stimulus and change its energy into nerve impulses

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6
Q

What organs are our receptors?

A

sense organs - e.g. the eye

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7
Q

The eye converts…

A

light into nerve impulses

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8
Q

The ear converts…

A

sound into nerve impulses

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9
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

consists of brain and spinal chord - coordinates all of the nervous responses

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10
Q

What is the order an impulse travels in?

A

receptor - sensory neurone - CNS - relay neurone - motor neurone - effector

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11
Q

What is the dendrite?

A

tree like projections that connect motor neurones to different neurones

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12
Q

What is the axon?

A

long section of motor neurone - electrical impulses travel through it

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13
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

insulates axon and speeds up transmission of impulse

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14
Q

What is a reflex?

A

automated action which does not involve the brain

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15
Q

What is the steps of a reflex arc?

A
  1. receptor detects stimulus
  2. impulse is sent along sensory neurone
  3. sensory neurone carries impulse to spinal chord (to a relay neurone)
  4. relay neurone passes impulse through spinal chord to a motor neurone
  5. motor neurone causes effector to move from stimulus
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16
Q

What is a synapse?

A

small gap between 2 neurones

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17
Q

How do impulses travel across the synapse?

A
  1. electrical impulse travels along axon
  2. neuron releases chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)
  3. these chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor molecules on next neuron
  4. receptor molecules only bind to the specific chemicals released from the first neurone - this stimulates the second neuron to transmit the electrical impulse
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18
Q

What is the cornea?

A

curved transparent disc at front of the eye - refracts light

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19
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

-set of muscles to control size of pupil
-regulates light reaching retina

20
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments?

A

change the shape of the lens to focus light rays on the retina

21
Q

What is the retina made up of?

A

light sensitive receptor cells - rods and cones

22
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

carry impulses from retina to brain

23
Q

What is the fovea?

A

part of retina with highest conc. of cone cells

24
Q

Where in the eye is light reflected the most?

A

fovea

25
Q

What happens when the iris contracts?

A

restricts the pupil

26
Q

What happens when the iris relaxes?

A

pupil dilates

27
Q

The cornea is transparent to…

A

allow light to enter

28
Q

Cones are sensitive to…

A

colour

29
Q

Rods are sensitive to…

A

low light intensity

30
Q

In dim lights the radial muscles…

A

contract and the circular muscles relax

31
Q

In bright light the radial muscles

A

relax and the circular muscles contract

32
Q

In dim light the iris is…

A

narrower - pupil dilates

33
Q

In bright light the iris is…

A

wider - pupil constricts

34
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

when light intensity is detected by the retina and the effectors are the iris muscles

35
Q

What is accommodation?

A

changes the eyes makes to see objects at different distances

36
Q

What happens to the eye when it is looking at a far away object?

A

-ciliary muscles relax
-suspensory ligaments tighten
-lens is thin and less convex shape
-LESS REFRACTION

37
Q

What happens to the eye when it is looking at a close up object?

A

-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments slacken
-lens is thick and more convex shape
-MORE REFRACTION

38
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of internal conditions/ our internal environment (e.g. temperature, water content)

39
Q

What does the tissue fluid contain?

A

water, salts, glucose

40
Q

How does the skin control loss of heat?

A

-impermeable
-detects change in temp + pressure
-sweat is evaporated to help us cool down

41
Q

When cold, hair follicles…

A

stand up - air is and insulator so less heat is radiated from skin

42
Q

What are the two types of thermoregulation?

A

vasoconstriction
vasodilation

43
Q

Vasoconstriction occurs in…

A

cold conditions

44
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

-arterioles supplying the capillaries nearer the surface of the skin get NRROWER (they constrict)
-less blood flows through capillaries near surface of skin
-LESS HEAT LOST by radiation

45
Q

Vasodilation occurs in…

A

hot conditions

46
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

-arterioles supplying the capillaries near the surface of skin get WIDER (they dilate)
-more blood flows through capillaries near surface of skin
-MORE HEAT LOST by radiation

biology (13 decks)

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