Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

A
  • Asexual reproduction involves mitosis to produce genetically identical copies
  • Sexual reproduction involves the combination of sperm and egg cells to create a zygote
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2
Q

What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo?

A

The zygote is the diploid cell formed from the fusion of a sperm and egg cell, it becomes an embryo after it begins to divide

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3
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Advantage - It introduces variation
Disadvantage - It is slower and produces a limited amount of offspring

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4
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

Advantage - It produces lots of offspring quickly
Disadvantage - It does not introduce variation and so all offspring are susceptible to the same environmental pressures as the parents

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5
Q

State 3 features of insect pollinated plants

A
  • Bright coloured flowers
  • Sweet nectar
  • Sticky pollen
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6
Q

State 3 features of wind pollinated plants

A
  • No bright colours
  • Stigma exposed to the air
  • Light pollen
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7
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation in plants

A
  • Pollen grain lands on the stigma
  • Pollen tube begins to grow from the pollen grain into the ovary
  • Pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the egg
  • Fruit and seeds form from the egg
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8
Q

How can seeds grow before they can photosynthesise?

A

They use energy stores of starch

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9
Q

Give one natural example of plant cloning

A

Plant runners from strawberries and spider plants

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10
Q

Give one artificial example of plant cloning

A

Tissue cuttings placed in a growth medium

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11
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken

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12
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted from?

A

The ovaries

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13
Q

What hormone does oestrogen inhibit?

A

Oestrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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14
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Progesterone maintains the uterus lining

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15
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovaries

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16
Q

What hormones do progesterone inhibit?

A

Progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)

17
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

FSH stimulates the follicle to mature and release oestrogen

18
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

A surge in LH causes the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation)

19
Q

Where is FSH secreted from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

20
Q

Where is LH secreted from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

21
Q

Where are eggs produced?

A

In the ovaries

22
Q

How are eggs adapted to their function?

A
  • They are very large cells
  • They contain a large cytoplasm for the lots of divides they undergo
  • They have haploid nucleus
23
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Acrosome contains enzymes so the sperm can penetrate the egg
  • Haploid nucleus
  • Tail so that it can swim to the egg
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
24
Q

What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?

A

To protect the developing fetus

25
What is the purpose of the placenta?
To allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother to the fetus during development
26
What role does oestrogen play during puberty?
- Increases breast size - Triggers the development of the uterus - It causes eggs to mature during the menstrual cycle
27
What role does testosterone play during puberty?
- Triggers growth and development of the penis and testes - Causes the voice to deepen - Triggers the growth of pubic hair - Increases muscle mass
28
Label the reproductive structure of a plant