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Biology 101 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction?

A

The purpose of reproduction is to ensure that individuals produce offspring so that the species can survive.

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2
Q

When does puberty start?

A

Puberty starts between the ages of 10 and 12 when the pituitary gland in the brain starts secreting hormones into the blood of boys and girls.

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3
Q

What hormone do the testes secrete?

A

The testes secretes testosterone.

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4
Q

What are the different secondary sexual characteristics in boys?

A

Deepening voice
Facial hair
Under arm hair
Pubic hair
Growth spurt

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5
Q

What hormone do the ovaries secrete?

A

The ovaries secrete oestrogen.

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6
Q

What are the different secondary sexual characteristics in girls?

A

Growth spurt
Breast formation
Widening of hips
Pubic hair growth
Under arm hair growth

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7
Q

What do the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland also do in boys and girls?

A

In girls, the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland also start the process of ovulation - the release of an ovum from the ovary once a month.

In boys, the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland also cause the testes to start producing sperm cells.

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8
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction occurs in unicellular organisms when they undergo cell division - called binary fission.

Asexual reproduction occurs in most micro-organisms for example bacteria.

Asexual reproduction does not require male and female sex cells.

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9
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction requires sex organs that produce male and female sex cells.

In humans (mammals) the sex organs are ovaries in females and testes in males where sex cells are produced.

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10
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is when male and female sex cells fuse together to form a single zygote cell.

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11
Q

What is a zygote cell?

A

A zygote cell is the cell formed immediately after fertilisation.

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12
Q

What is an embryo?

A

An embryo is a ball of identical cells formed when the zygote cell undergoes cell division.

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13
Q

What is a foetus?

A

A foetus is formed when the embryo develops features that look like a human being.

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14
Q

What is the nervous coordination system?

A

The nervous coordination system consists of a network of nerves that carry electrical nerve impulses that control muscle contraction and therefore coordinate body movement.

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15
Q

What is the chemical coordination system?

A

The chemical coordination system consists of ductless endocrine glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. The blood carries the hormones to a target organ where the hormones either have an inhibiting or stimulating effect.

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16
Q

What body system does the chemical coordination system control?

A

The chemical coordination system controls the reproductive system.

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17
Q

What is a sperm cell made up of?

A

A head, an acrosome, a middle piece, a nucleus and a tail.

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18
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

The acrosome contains enzymes that dissolve the outer layer of the ovum and allow sperm to penetrate the ovum.

19
Q

What does the nucleus of a sperm cell contain?

A

The nucleus of a sperm cell contains a haploid set of chromosomes.

20
Q

What does the middle piece of the sperm cell do?

A

The middle piece of the sperm cell contains many mitochondria which provide energy needed by the rapidly moving tail.

21
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

During a vasectomy, the vas deferens on each side is severed and the cut ends are folded back and tied off, preventing the release of sperm from the testicle. The sperm cells are reabsorbed by the body and the semen is normal except for the absence of sperm.

22
Q

What is copulation?

A

Copulation is the process where the penis is placed in the vagina.

23
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Ejaculation is the release of sperm from the penis by contractions of the muscle lining the vas deferens and urethra.

24
Q

What are the stages of reproduction?

A

Menstruation, Thickening of the endometrium, ovulation, copulation, fertilisation, implantation, pregnancy and childbirth.

25
Q

What is menstruation?

A

Menstruation is when the endometrium breaks down resulting in menstrual bleeding.

26
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus.

27
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Ovulation is the release of an ovum from the ovary.

28
Q

What is implantation?

A

Implantation is when the embryo attaches to the endometrium wall.

29
Q

What is the time from fertilisation to birth called?

A

Pregnancy

30
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The placenta is an organ that brings the babies blood into very close proximity with the mother’s blood but the blood does not mix.

31
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Oxygen and nutrients move by osmosis from the mother’s blood across the placenta into the foetus’ blood. Carbon dioxide and waste products move by osmosis from the foetus’ blood across the placenta into the mother’s blood.

32
Q

What fluid is the foetus protected by?

A

Amniotic fluid

33
Q

What happens when the baby is ready to be born?

A

When the baby is ready to be born the cervix dilates (increases in diameter) and the muscles of the uterus contract, pushing the baby out via the vagina.

34
Q

What different substances can harm the foetus?

A

Cigarette smoke (nicotine), alcohol and other drugs such as tik and heroin.

35
Q

How does cigarette smoke harm the foetus?

A

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine which results in stunted development of the foetus. Foetus’ born of mothers who smoke are usually smaller than average and develop more slowly after birth than other babies. At school, these children often struggle to learn.

36
Q

How does alcohol harm the foetus?

A

Alcohol is a drug that is extremely harmful to the developing foetus. Foetus’ born of mothers who drink lots of alcohol have a condition called Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. This results in brain damage to the foetus.

37
Q

What is contraception?

A

Contraception are ways to prevent pregnancy.

38
Q

What is unprotected sex?

A

Unprotected sex is when you have sex without using contraception.

39
Q

What are some different examples of contraceptives?

A

Some different examples of contraceptives are male and female condoms, contraceptive pills and contraceptive injections.

40
Q

How do different contraceptives work?

A

Different contraceptives work by preventing sperm cells from reaching the ovum, by preventing ova from being released from the ovaries and by changing the endometrium of the uterus so that the embryo can not implant and develop there.

41
Q

What are condoms?

A

Condoms are thin rubber sleeves that fit over the erect penis. Condoms prevent sperm from entering the female body. The female condom fits inside the vagina. Condoms also prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

42
Q

What are contraceptive pills and injections?

A

Contraceptive pills and injections contain artificial hormones that prevent the ova being released from the ovaries.

43
Q

When is the fertile period?

A

Between days 13 and 15 of the monthly cycle.

44
Q

When does menstruation take place?

A

Between days 1 and 5 of the monthly cycle.

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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