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Physiology with pharmacology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the female reproductive system

A
  1. Produce Haploid gametes
  2. Facilitate fertilisation
  3. Site for implantation of the embryo
  4. Provide physical and nutritional needs to nurture neonate after birth
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2
Q

Ovarian asymmetry

A

Only one ovary is active each month

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3
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle and which primary sex hormones are they mediated by

A

Pre-Ovulatory Phase - Mediated by Oestrogen

Post-Ovulatory Phase - Mediated by progesterone

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4
Q

What region of the ovary contains the majority of the blood supply?

A

Medulla

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5
Q

Which region of the ovary contains the developing eggs?

A

Cortex

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6
Q

What is the connective tissue layer that surrounds the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea

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7
Q

What is Germinal epithelium?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells that surround the ovary and are derived from the peritoneum

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8
Q

Effects of FSH in Females

A
  • Stimulates follicle cells to produce oestrogen during pre-ovulatory stage
  • Causes ovulation
  • Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone during post-ovulatory
    stage
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9
Q

Effects of FSH in males

A
  • Stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein
  • Stimulates spermatogenesis
  • Stimulates sertoli cells to produce inhibin which provides negative feedback to decrease FSH secretion when testosterone levels get too high
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10
Q

Effects of LH in males

A

Stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

Stimulates spermatogenesis

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11
Q

Effects of LH in females

A

Stimulates follicle cells to produce oestrogen during pre-ovulatory stage
Causes ovulation
Triggers corpus luteum formation

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12
Q

Define Puberty

A

Period at beginning of adolescence where sex glands become functional and secondary sex characteristics emerge

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13
Q

What changes can be seen during puberty?

A

Reproductive organs change size
Pubic hair
Deepening of voice

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14
Q

Difference between puberty and adolescence

A

Puberty - Characterised by physical changes seen

Adolescence - physiological/behavioural changes

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15
Q

Name the mature female reproductive cell

A

Ovum

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16
Q

Name the mature male reproductive cell

A

Spermatozoan

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17
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

18
Q

What is the size of a human egg?

A

100-150um

19
Q

What is the size of a human sperm?

A

6um

20
Q

What is syngamy?

A

Fusion of gametes

21
Q

How long after ovulation does gamete fusion occur?

A

12-24 hours

22
Q

What is the role of female reproductive system with regards to sperm?

A

Female reproductive tract filters sperm

23
Q

What happens to sperm in the female tract?

A

Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction
Motility changes

24
Q

How long does it take for sperm to develop?

A

60-75 days

25
Q

Why is genetic information in sperm supercondensed?

A

Protects genetic information from damage

26
Q

What happens during pronuclear fusion?

A

Sperm nucleus forms male pronucleus, egg completes meiosis and forms female pronucleus, pronuclei fuse on metaphase plate

27
Q

Define morula

A

Developmental stage where embryo consists of solid ball of cells within zona pellucida

28
Q

Layers of uterine wall

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

29
Q

Structure of endometrium

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells
Compound tubular glands
Spiral arteries

29
Q

Structure of endometrium

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells
Compound tubular glands
Spiral arteries

30
Q

Cervix

A

Cervical canal connects uterus to vagina
Interior os and exterior os at its margins
Glands secrete mucus to prevent microbes reaching uterus

31
Q

Structure of vaginal wall

A

Adventia
Muscularis
Mucosa

32
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
Stimulate ovary to release oestrogen
Oestrogen negatively feeds back at pituitary and hypothalamus

33
Q

What happens during Midcycle?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
Stimulate ovary to release oestrogen
Oestrogen positively feeds back at pituitary and hypothalamus

34
Q

What happens during luteal phase?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
Stimulate ovary to release progesterone
progesterone negatively feeds back at pituitary and hypothalamus

35
Q

What happens during proliferative stage?

A

secretion of oestrogen increases

Stimulates growth of endometrium, glands, stroma, and spiral arteries elongate

36
Q

What happens during secretory phase?

A

Progesterone secretion increses

Endometrial proliferation slows and thickness decreases

37
Q

How do sperm reach the ampulla?

A

Their own motile action

Contraction of uterus, cervix and fallopian tube

38
Q

What happens when sperm encounters the egg?

A

Acrosomal reaction - Exocytosis of acrosome structure, releasing hydrolytic enzymes, enabling penetration through granular cells

39
Q

What happens after penetration of the oocyte

A

Increased intracellular Ca2+ triggers second meiotic division
Granules containing enzymes fuse with the plasma membrane and enzymes act on glycoproteins of zona pellucida to harden the layer

Physiology with pharmacology (8 decks)

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