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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves the production of male and female gametes (sex cells) which then fuse together (fertilisation)

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2
Q

What does sexual reproduction lead to?

A

Variety in the off-spring

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3
Q

What are sperm and egg cells known as?

A

Specialised cells known as gametes

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4
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

These cells are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis

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5
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid

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6
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Half the number of chromosomes (23)

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7
Q

Why do sperm and egg cells have to be haploid?

A

So after fertilisation you have a diploid organism

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8
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Testes

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9
Q

What is the male hormone called?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

How big is the human sperm cell?

A

1/20th centimetres long

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11
Q

What does the flagellum do?

A

Beats rapidely to propel sperm

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12
Q

What does the streamlined head contain?

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

What are egg cells called?

A

Ova

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14
Q

Where are egg cells produced?

A

Ovaries

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15
Q

What are the female hormones called?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

What do egg cells have?

A

A haploid nucleus which is produced by meiosis but they are much larger than sperm cells

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17
Q

Why so sperm need a lower temperature, and what temperature is this?

A

To develop normally and 35°C

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18
Q

Where does the scrotum lie?

A

Outside the body

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19
Q

Where does the sperm duct lead from?

A

Each of the testes to a point just below the bladder

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20
Q

Where does the sperm duct join with?

A

Urethra - which runs down the centre of the penis

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21
Q

Where is the urethra connected to?

A

Bladder as well as the sperm ducts.

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22
Q

What does the urethra carry?

A

Urine from the bladder as well as sperm.

BUT NEVER AT THE SAME TIME

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23
Q

Where is the prostate gland?

A

At the junction of the sperm ducts and urethra.

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24
Q

What does the glands in the penis create?

A

Semen for the sperm to swim in

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25
Q

What is the protective covering on the penis called?

A

Foreskin

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26
Q

How often is an egg released from the ovaries?

A

Every month

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27
Q

How are ovaries connected to the uterus?

A

By oviducts

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28
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Uterus

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29
Q

The uterus has a tight neck called…

A

The cervix

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30
Q

How many sperm are released from a male?

A

500 million sperm

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31
Q

Where does sperm and egg meet up?

A

In the oviduct

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32
Q

What is the journey of the sperm to the egg?

A

Vagina - cervix - uterus - oviducts

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33
Q

What is the fertilised egg cell know as?

A

Zygote - this is the first cell of a new individual

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34
Q

As the zygote travels down the oviduct….

A

It divides by meiosis many times to form a ball of cells known as an embryo

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35
Q

What is the embryo supported by?

A

Amnion, amniotic fluid, fluid, umbilical cord and placenta

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36
Q

Give an example of mechanical contraception?

A

Condom

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37
Q

What is the mechanical method of contaception?

A

A barrier that prevents sperm entering the vagina

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38
Q

What is an advantage of mechanical contraception?

A

Easily obtained. Protects against STIs eg HIV

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39
Q

What is a disadvantage of mechanical contraception?

A

Unreliable if not used properly

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40
Q

What is an example of chemical contraception?

A

Contraceptive pill

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41
Q

What is the method of chemical contraception?

A

Taken regularly by the female. Prevents ovualation by changing hormone levels

42
Q

What is an advantage of chemical contraception?

A

Very reliable - when taken correctly it is 99% effective

43
Q

What is a disadvantage of chemical contraception?

A

Female needs to remember to take the pill. Side effects. Does not protect against STIs

44
Q

What is a side effect of chemical contraception?

A

Weight gain, mood swings or an increased risk of blood clots

45
Q

What is the surgical contraception example number 1?

A

Vasectomy

46
Q

What is a surgical contraception example 2?

A

Female sterilisation

47
Q

What is a surgical contraception method 1?

A

Sperm tubes are cut preventing sperm entering the penis

48
Q

What is surgical contraception method 2?

A

Oviducts are cut preventing fertilisation

49
Q

Both advantages of surgical contraception?

A

Virtually 100% reliable

50
Q

What are both disadvantages of surgical contraception?

A

Difficult or impossible to reverse

51
Q

Where does the embryo become attached?

A

The embryo becomes implanted to the wall of the uterus

52
Q

What will the uterus have developed?

A

A thick lining that holds and nourishes the embryo

53
Q

What does the embryo do after implantation?

A

Differentiates to produce a variety of tissues and organs

54
Q

What is the embryo reffered to after a few weeks?

A

A foetus

55
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A protective membrane that develops around the embryo.

56
Q

What does the amnion contain?

A

Amniotic fluid - which cushions the embryo from knocks or bumps

57
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry?

A

Carries substances from the mother to the foetus

58
Q

What does the umbilical artery carry?

A

Carries substances from the foetus to the mother

59
Q

What travels through the umbilical vein?

A

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, water and hormones

60
Q

What travels through the umbilical artery?

A

Carbon dioxide and urea

61
Q

What is the placenta very rich in?

A

Maternal blood vessels

62
Q

What in the placenta are very close together?

A

The maternal and foetal blood systems.

63
Q

Why are the 2 blood systems separe in the placenta?

A

To allow diffusion of gasses wnd nutrients to take place in either direction.

64
Q

Why is it important that the maternal and foetal blood not mix in the placenta?

A

The mother and foetus may be of different blood groups - if they mixed they would clump and cause death.

65
Q

What is the placenta adapted for?

A

Diffusion of material between mother and foetus by having a surface area.

66
Q

What is the placenta subdivided into?

A

Many villi that extend the uterine wall - these villi increase the surface area contact between maternal and foetal blood systems.

67
Q

What is it called when people avoid having sex with a women when the women is ovulating?

A

Rhythm or natural methods.

68
Q

Why so sone people choose to avoid having sex with women during ovulation

A

Religious or ethical reasons

69
Q

Why is it a much less effective method compared to other methods?

A

In many women the menstrual cycle is irregular, making it difficult to know exactly when an egg is being released

70
Q

Where is the site of production of testosterone?

A

Testes

71
Q

Where is the site of the production of oestrogen?

A

Ovaries in females

72
Q

These hormones are important in the development of the…

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

73
Q

What is an argument for IVF

A

Gives an infertile couple chance to have a child, or same sex.

74
Q

What is the 1st argument against IVF?

A

There are more embyros produced than are used in IVF and therefore some may be destroyed which can raise religious objections.

75
Q

What is the 2nd argument against IVF?

A

Expensive

76
Q

What is step 1 of fertility treatment?

A

Egg production stimulated by hormone therapy

77
Q

What is step 2 of fertility treatment?

A

Eggs retrieved from ovary

78
Q

What is step 3 of fertility treatment?

A

Sperm sample provided

79
Q

What is step 4 of fertility treatment?

A

Eggs and sperm combined to allow fertilization

80
Q

What is step 5 of fertility treatment?

A

Fertilized eggs introduced into uterus

81
Q

What is the controvery with fertility treatment?

A

It is possible to screen embryos to check for abnormalities or for particular characteristics.

82
Q

What are causes of infertility in males?

A

Do not produce enough sperm
Sperm may be unhealthy (without tails)
Impotence
Complications of some STDs

83
Q

What is impotence

A

Inability to achieve and maintain an erection

84
Q

Why may sperm be unhealthy?

A

Smoking or taking excess alcohol

85
Q

What will same sex couples also need to have kids?

A

IVF

86
Q

Cause 1 of infertility in females

A

Oviducts may be blocked or twisted (due to infections)

87
Q

Cause 2 of infertility in females

A

Complications of some STDs

88
Q

Cause 3 of infertility in females

A

Failure of ovaries to produce eggs

89
Q

Cause 4 of infertility in females

A

Vagina may be hostile, i.e to sperm entering, eg. The lining may be too thick or acid

90
Q

Cause 5 of infertility in females

A

Lining of the uterus does mot develop properly to enable implantation to occur

91
Q

How does the hormone treatment work?

A

Fertility drugs are given to a female to increase egg population. This may solve the problem of low egg production

92
Q

How does IVF treament work, step 1?

A

The women is given fertility drug to produce multiple eggs

93
Q

How does IVF treament work, step 2?

A

The eggs are collected from the ovaries surgically

94
Q

How does IVF treament work, step 3?

A

Several succesful embryos are placed in the woman’s uterus - (she will have undergone hormonal treatment to ensure uterus is ready)

95
Q

How does IVF treament work, step 4?

A

If the process is successful an embryo will implant in the uterus lining

96
Q

How does IVF treament work, step 5?

A

Only a small number of embryos are placed in the uterus to give balance between a successful pregnancy and avoiding multiple births

97
Q

How long does the mentrual cycle last?

A

28 days

98
Q

What is menstraution?

A

The blood - rich uterine lining breaks down (if pregnancy dows not occur) and is passed out of the body

99
Q

The uterine lining repairs iteseld and…

A

Builds up again in preparation of implantation should pregnancy result

100
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Egg is released from ovary

101
Q

What happens to the uterine if pregnancy does occur?

A

The uterine lining will become even thicker and a placenta forms

102
Q

What happens to the uterine if a preganancy does not occur?

A

No futher development of the uterine lining

Biology (14 decks)

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