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Phys pharm > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system? (4)

A
  • Produce haploid gametes
  • Facilitate fertilisation
  • Provide a site for embryo implantation
  • Nurture baby after birth
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2
Q

What is a neonate?

A

Newborn baby

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3
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube which collect the ovum from the ovary

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4
Q

What is the infundibulum of the fallopian tube?

A

First section of the tube after the ovary

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5
Q

What is the ampulla of the fallopian tube?

A

Curved section of the fallopian tube

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6
Q

What is the isthmus of the fallopian tube?

A

Part that connects to the uterus

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7
Q

What are the 2 regions of the ovary?

A
  • Cortex (outer)

- Medulla (inner)

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8
Q

What is in the cortex of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelial cell layer containing the oocytes

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9
Q

What is in the medulla of the ovary? (2)

A
  • Blood vessels

- Lymph

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10
Q

What are follicles?

A
  • Oocytes are enclosed in a follicle during development

- Follicular cells support the growing oocyte

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of follicular cells?

A
  • Granulosa cells

- Theca cells

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12
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete? (3)

A
  • 17 beta oestradiol (oestrogen)
  • Inhibin (peptide hormone)
  • Activin (peptide hormone)
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13
Q

What do theca cells secrete?

A

Progesterone

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14
Q

What steroid hormones do follicular cells secrete? (2)

A
  • Granulosa: 17 beta oestradiol (oestrogen)

- Theca: progesterone

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15
Q

How long are the fallopian tubes?

A

10 cm

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the fallopian tube wall?

A
  • Inner circular smooth muscle layer
  • Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer
  • Folded mucosa in the middle
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17
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall? (3)

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
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18
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

External serosa of the uterus

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19
Q

What is in the endometrium? (3)

A
  • Spiral arteries
  • Epithelial cells
  • Tubular glands
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20
Q

What is the internal os?

A

Opening of the cervix into the uterus

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21
Q

What is the external os?

A

Opening of the cervix into the vagina

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22
Q

What does the cervix contain?

A

Glands which secrete mucus to prevent microbes from reaching the uterus

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23
Q

How long is the vagina?

A

8-10 cm

24
Q

What are the layers of the vagina? (3)

A
  • Adventitia
  • Muscularis
  • Mucosa
25
Q

What is in the inner mucosa of the vagina?

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelial cells rich in glycogen
  • Glycogen is fermented by bacteria to lactic acid to create an acidic environment to inhibit pathogens
  • Antigen-presenting dendritic cells
26
Q

What are the 2 female cycles?

A
  • Ovarian cycle

- Endometrial (menstrual) cycle

27
Q

What drives the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

28
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone

29
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

System of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

30
Q

How are LH and FSH secreted?

A
  • Hypothalamic neurons release GnRH which is taken to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system
  • GnRH binds to G-protein coupled receptors on gonadotrophs which increases intracellular Ca2+ via the PLC pathway
  • Results in release of FSH and LH (gonadotropins) from the anterior pituitary
31
Q

What are the gonadotropins? (2)

A
  • FSH

- LH

32
Q

What are gonadotrophs?

A

Cells in the anterior pituitary gland which make and secrete FSH and LH

33
Q

What is the effect of FSH and LH on the ovaries?

A
  • FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete 17 beta oestradiol as well as activin and inhibin
  • Activin positively feeds back to the anterior pituitary
  • Inhibin negatively feeds back to the anterior pituitary
  • LH stimulates theca cells to secrete progesterone
34
Q

What substance are progesterone and 17 beta oestradiol made from?

A

Cholesterol

35
Q

How is progesterone made?

A

Theca cells make progesterone from cholesterol

36
Q

How is 17 beta oestradiol made?

A
  • Series of reactions starting with cholesterol in the theca cells
  • Androstenedione diffuses from the theca cells to the granulosa cells
  • 17 beta oestradiol is synthesised from androstenedione in the granulosa cells with testosterone as an intermediate
37
Q

What are the functions of progesterone and 17 beta oestradiol?

A
  • Develop ovum
  • Maintain corpus luteum
  • Maintain pregnancy
38
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle? (3)

A
  • Follicular phase
  • Midcycle (ovulation)
  • Luteal phase
39
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Hypothalamus releases GnRH
  • GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
  • Results in oestrogen being released from the ovaries
  • Oestrogen negatively feeds back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland
40
Q

What happens during midcycle of the ovarian cycle?

A

Feedback of oestrogen to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary becomes positive

41
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Progesterone becomes the main hormone being secreted from the ovaries
  • Progesterone negatively feeds back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
42
Q

What are the stages of the endometrial cycle? (4)

A
  • Menses
  • Proliferative phase
  • Ovulation
  • Secretory phase
43
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Structure which is left after the ovum is released from the follicle in the ovary

44
Q

What effect does 17 beta oestradiol have during the follicular (proliferative) phase?

A

Forms channels in the mucus to propel sperm

45
Q

What effect does progesterone have during the secretory phase?

A
  • Progesterone decreases

- Mucus becomes thick

46
Q

What is the dominant hormone during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

17 beta oestradiol

47
Q

What is the effect of 17 beta oestradiol during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle? (4)

A
  • Endometrium growth
  • Gland growth
  • Stroma growth
  • Spiral arteries elongate
48
Q

What is the dominant hormone during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Progesterone

49
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle? (5)

A
  • Endometrial proliferation slows
  • Increased mucus
  • Stroma cells become swollen
  • Spiral arteries elongate and coil
  • Ends with menses
50
Q

How does the morning after pill work? (3)

A
  • Prevents endometrium preparing to receive an egg
  • Causes thickening of cervical fluid to prevent sperm entering the uterus
  • Prevents ovulation
51
Q

What happens at then end of the follicular/proliferative phase, before ovulation?

A
  • Proliferation of follicular cells causes a surge in oestradiol which switches its feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary from negative to positive
  • Increased sensitivity of gonadotrophs to GnRH causes surge in LH
  • Surge in LH induces ovulation
52
Q

What happens during the luteal/secretory phase?

A
  • Oestradiol, progesterone, inhibin negatively feedback on the H-P axis reducing FSH and LH
  • High progesterone maintain lining to prepare for embryo implantation
  • If not fertilised, corpus luteum regresses and progesterone and oestradiol levels decrease
53
Q

Where in the oviduct does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla

54
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Series of changes undergone by sperm in the vagina to allow them to penetrate the ovum

55
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins in the seminal fluid?

A

Causes smooth muscle contractions in the female tract to aid sperm transport

56
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction

A

Exocytosis of the acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes

Phys pharm (11 decks)

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