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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system? (4)

A
  • Produce haploid gametes
  • Facilitate fertilisation
  • Provide a site for embryo implantation
  • Nurture baby after birth
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2
Q

What is a neonate?

A

Newborn baby

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3
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube which collect the ovum from the ovary

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4
Q

What is the infundibulum of the fallopian tube?

A

First section of the tube after the ovary

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5
Q

What is the ampulla of the fallopian tube?

A

Curved section of the fallopian tube

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6
Q

What is the isthmus of the fallopian tube?

A

Part that connects to the uterus

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7
Q

What are the 2 regions of the ovary?

A
  • Cortex (outer)

- Medulla (inner)

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8
Q

What is in the cortex of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelial cell layer containing the oocytes

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9
Q

What is in the medulla of the ovary? (2)

A
  • Blood vessels

- Lymph

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10
Q

What are follicles?

A
  • Oocytes are enclosed in a follicle during development

- Follicular cells support the growing oocyte

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of follicular cells?

A
  • Granulosa cells

- Theca cells

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12
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete? (3)

A
  • 17 beta oestradiol (oestrogen)
  • Inhibin (peptide hormone)
  • Activin (peptide hormone)
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13
Q

What do theca cells secrete?

A

Progesterone

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14
Q

What steroid hormones do follicular cells secrete? (2)

A
  • Granulosa: 17 beta oestradiol (oestrogen)

- Theca: progesterone

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15
Q

How long are the fallopian tubes?

A

10 cm

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the fallopian tube wall?

A
  • Inner circular smooth muscle layer
  • Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer
  • Folded mucosa in the middle
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17
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall? (3)

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
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18
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

External serosa of the uterus

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19
Q

What is in the endometrium? (3)

A
  • Spiral arteries
  • Epithelial cells
  • Tubular glands
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20
Q

What is the internal os?

A

Opening of the cervix into the uterus

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21
Q

What is the external os?

A

Opening of the cervix into the vagina

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22
Q

What does the cervix contain?

A

Glands which secrete mucus to prevent microbes from reaching the uterus

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23
Q

How long is the vagina?

24
Q

What are the layers of the vagina? (3)

A
  • Adventitia
  • Muscularis
  • Mucosa
25
What is in the inner mucosa of the vagina?
- Stratified squamous epithelial cells rich in glycogen - Glycogen is fermented by bacteria to lactic acid to create an acidic environment to inhibit pathogens - Antigen-presenting dendritic cells
26
What are the 2 female cycles?
- Ovarian cycle | - Endometrial (menstrual) cycle
27
What drives the menstrual cycle?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
28
What is GnRH?
Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone
29
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
System of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
30
How are LH and FSH secreted?
- Hypothalamic neurons release GnRH which is taken to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system - GnRH binds to G-protein coupled receptors on gonadotrophs which increases intracellular Ca2+ via the PLC pathway - Results in release of FSH and LH (gonadotropins) from the anterior pituitary
31
What are the gonadotropins? (2)
- FSH | - LH
32
What are gonadotrophs?
Cells in the anterior pituitary gland which make and secrete FSH and LH
33
What is the effect of FSH and LH on the ovaries?
- FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete 17 beta oestradiol as well as activin and inhibin - Activin positively feeds back to the anterior pituitary - Inhibin negatively feeds back to the anterior pituitary - LH stimulates theca cells to secrete progesterone
34
What substance are progesterone and 17 beta oestradiol made from?
Cholesterol
35
How is progesterone made?
Theca cells make progesterone from cholesterol
36
How is 17 beta oestradiol made?
- Series of reactions starting with cholesterol in the theca cells - Androstenedione diffuses from the theca cells to the granulosa cells - 17 beta oestradiol is synthesised from androstenedione in the granulosa cells with testosterone as an intermediate
37
What are the functions of progesterone and 17 beta oestradiol?
- Develop ovum - Maintain corpus luteum - Maintain pregnancy
38
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle? (3)
- Follicular phase - Midcycle (ovulation) - Luteal phase
39
What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
- Hypothalamus releases GnRH - GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary - Results in oestrogen being released from the ovaries - Oestrogen negatively feeds back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland
40
What happens during midcycle of the ovarian cycle?
Feedback of oestrogen to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary becomes positive
41
What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
- Progesterone becomes the main hormone being secreted from the ovaries - Progesterone negatively feeds back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
42
What are the stages of the endometrial cycle? (4)
- Menses - Proliferative phase - Ovulation - Secretory phase
43
What is the corpus luteum?
Structure which is left after the ovum is released from the follicle in the ovary
44
What effect does 17 beta oestradiol have during the follicular (proliferative) phase?
Forms channels in the mucus to propel sperm
45
What effect does progesterone have during the secretory phase?
- Progesterone decreases | - Mucus becomes thick
46
What is the dominant hormone during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?
17 beta oestradiol
47
What is the effect of 17 beta oestradiol during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle? (4)
- Endometrium growth - Gland growth - Stroma growth - Spiral arteries elongate
48
What is the dominant hormone during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
Progesterone
49
What happens during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle? (5)
- Endometrial proliferation slows - Increased mucus - Stroma cells become swollen - Spiral arteries elongate and coil - Ends with menses
50
How does the morning after pill work? (3)
- Prevents endometrium preparing to receive an egg - Causes thickening of cervical fluid to prevent sperm entering the uterus - Prevents ovulation
51
What happens at then end of the follicular/proliferative phase, before ovulation?
- Proliferation of follicular cells causes a surge in oestradiol which switches its feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary from negative to positive - Increased sensitivity of gonadotrophs to GnRH causes surge in LH - Surge in LH induces ovulation
52
What happens during the luteal/secretory phase?
- Oestradiol, progesterone, inhibin negatively feedback on the H-P axis reducing FSH and LH - High progesterone maintain lining to prepare for embryo implantation - If not fertilised, corpus luteum regresses and progesterone and oestradiol levels decrease
53
Where in the oviduct does fertilisation occur?
Ampulla
54
What is capacitation?
Series of changes undergone by sperm in the vagina to allow them to penetrate the ovum
55
What is the function of prostaglandins in the seminal fluid?
Causes smooth muscle contractions in the female tract to aid sperm transport
56
What is the acrosomal reaction
Exocytosis of the acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes

Phys pharm (11 decks)

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