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Phys pharm > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main classes of hormones?

A
  • Peptides
  • Amino acid derived
  • Steroids
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2
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesised?

A

From amino acids

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3
Q

How are amino acid derived hormones synthesised?

A
  • Derivatives of tyrosine

- Requires specific enzymes

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4
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesised?

A
  • Metabolites of cholesterol

- Requires specific enzymes

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5
Q

How are peptide hormones secreted?

A
  • Dense-core secretory granules

- Exocytosis

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6
Q

How are amino acid derived hormones secreted?

A
  • Synaptic vesicles
  • Exocytosis
    (Exception for thyroid hormones)
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7
Q

What kind of hormone are thyroid hormones?

A

Amino acid derived

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8
Q

How are thyroid hormones secreted?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

How are steroid hormones secreted?

A

Diffusion (lipid soluble)

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10
Q

Where are the receptors for peptide hormones?

A

Cell surface

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11
Q

Where are the receptors for amino acid derived hormones?

A 
Cell surface
(Thyroid hormone receptors are intracellular because they travel via facilitated diffusion)
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12
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?

A

Intracellular

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13
Q

Which is the fastest acting class of hormones?

A

Peptide/(amino acid derived)

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14
Q

Which is the slowest acting class of hormones?

A

Steroids

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15
Q

What are the 7 classic endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal glands (cortex and medulla)
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Endocrine pancreas
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16
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

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17
Q

What other endocrine tissues are there (not classical glands)? (6)

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Kidneys
  • GI tract
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Adipose tissue
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18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Around the trachea

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19
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid tissue?

A
  • Made up of follicles

- Follicles made of follicular cells and contain colloid

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20
Q

What do follicles in the thyroid contain?

A

Colloid

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21
Q

Which element do thyroid follicular cells need?

A

Iodine

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22
Q

What is iodine needed for in the thyroid?

A

To make a prohormone (precursor)

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23
Q

Where is prohormone stored?

A
  • Colloid

- Produced by follicular cells

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24
Q

How are hormones T3 and T4 secreted?

A
  • Prohormone taken back up into follicular cells and converted into thyroid hormones
  • Secreted from follicular cells into interstitial fluid and bloodstream via facilitated diffusion
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25
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Low levels of thyroid hormones

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26
Q

Which receptors do thyroid hormones activate?

A

Nuclear receptors

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27
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormones?

A
  • Regulate transcription via nuclear receptors

- Regulate development, growth and metabolism

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28
Q

What kind of hormone is parathyroid hormone?

A

Peptide

29
Q

Which cells in the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone?

A

Chief cells

30
Q

What are the actions of parathyroid hormone? (3)

A
  • Increases calcium absorption in intestines
  • Increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys
  • Increases calcium reabsorption from bones into plasma
31
Q

What are the 3 main targets of parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Intestines
  • Kidneys
  • Bones
32
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A
  • Regulates plasma Ca2+ and phosphate

- Negative feedback loop (high Ca2+ causes reduced release of parathyroid hormone)

33
Q

Which type of hormone is released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Steroid

34
Q

Which types of steroid hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Androgens
35
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

What kind of steroid hormone is aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

37
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Regulates Na+ in the bloodstream

38
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

39
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Regulate glucose

40
Q

What kind of steroid hormone is cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid

41
Q

What causes release of cortisol?

A

Stressful situations

42
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • Increases blood glucose

- Stimulates chromaffin cells to release adrenaline

43
Q

What is released from the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Adrenaline from chromaffin cells

- Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

44
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Stimulates cellular proliferation of the endometrium

45
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Stimulates secretions and maturation of tissues

46
Q

Which cells in the testes produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

47
Q

What kind of hormone are oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone?

A

Steroid

48
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis

49
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes

50
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas?

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon (hormones)

51
Q

Which cells release insulin?

A

Beta cells

52
Q

Which cells release glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

53
Q

Where are alpha and beta cells located?

A

In Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

54
Q

What is a portal blood system?

A
  • When a blood vessel to one organ goes straight onto another organ without returning to the heart/lungs first
  • Carrying deoxygenated blood
55
Q

How do insulin and glucagon travel to the liver?

A

Via a portal blood system

56
Q

Which organ is the target of insulin and glucagon?

A

Liver

57
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

58
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

59
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis develop from?

A

Upward projection of the pharynx

60
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis develop from?

A

Downward projection of the brain

61
Q

What are the 2 sections of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Adenohypophysis

- Neurohypophysis

62
Q

What does the adenohypophysis do?

A
  • Receives releasing hormones from small diameter neurones of the hypothalamus
  • Stimulates Troph cells to release hormones which enter the circulation
63
Q

What are the cells in the adenohypophysis called?

A

Troph cells

64
Q

What does the neurohypophysis do?

A
  • Receives hormones from large diameter neurones of the hypothalamus
  • Releases the hormones directly into systemic circulation
65
Q

Which 2 main hormones are released by the neurohypophysis?

A
  • ADH (vasopressin)

- Oxytocin

66
Q

Which hormones are released from the adenohypophysis as a result of Releasing Hormones?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Prolactin
    Trophic hormones:
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Gonadotrophic hormones
67
Q

What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone do?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

68
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

69
Q

What are gonadotrophic hormones? (2)

A
  • LH

- FSH

Phys pharm (11 decks)

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