Repro System Pathology 1

Question 1

Sex chromosome aneuploidy examples.

Answer 1

XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome) – male calico-tortoiseshell cats. Colours require both X chromosomes so have XXY.
XO (Turner’s syndrome) – described in horses.

Question 2

Freemartinism.

Answer 2

Male/female twin pregnancies&raquo_space; placental vascular connections from between the placentae&raquo_space; increases androgens and effects of SRY gene&raquo_space; reduces development of female genitalia and masculinises female twin.
She gets small ovaries due to absence of or reduction in germ cell number, partially converted into testicles.
Small vulva due, prominent clitoris, short, blind ending vagina. Other Mullerian duct derivatives vary. Wolffian duct structures may be present.

Question 3

Extreme XX disorder.

Answer 3

Complete sexual reversal – sex chromosomes are XX and phenotype is male. Reported in dogs, pigs and goats.

Question 4

XY disorders of sexual development.
– Example.

Answer 4

Majority are XY, SRY+, testicular disorders with a female phenotype.
Called sex reversal syndrome, androgen insensitivity or testicular feminisation syndrome.
– Normal XY karyotype but no intracellular androgen receptors due to a mutation that produces a deficiency of intracellular androgen receptors.&raquo_space; No androgenic effect&raquo_space; Small testicles.

Question 5

1. Agenesis.
2. Duplication.
3. Ovarian remnant syndrome.
4. Hypoplasia.

Answer 5

1. One or both ovaries affected.
2. Rare.
3. In previously spayed cat and dogs.
4. Common in cows – bilateral.

Question 6

1. Intraovarian cyst types.
2. Paraovarian cyst types.

Answer 6

1. Cystic rete ovarii.
   Inclusion cyst.
   Subsurface epithelial structure.
   Cystic follicles.
   Luteal cyst.
   Cystic corpus luteum.
2. Hydatid of Morgagni.
   Mesonephric duct cysts.

Question 7

1. Cystic rete ovarii origin.
2. Inclusion cyst origin.
3. Subsurface epithelial structure origin.
4. Cystic follicles origin.
5. Luteal cyst origin.

Answer 7

1. Mesonephric tubule.
2. Ovarian epithelium.
3. Modified peritoneal cells covering the surface of the ovary.
4. Graafian follicle
5. Graafian follicle.

Question 8

1. Cystic corpus luteum origin.
2. Hydatid of Morgagni origin.
3. Mesonephric duct cysts origin.

Answer 8

1. Graafian follicle.
2. Paramesonephric duct.
3. Mesonephric ducts.

Question 9

1. Spp. w/ cystic rete ovarii.
2. Spp. w/ inclusion cyst.
3. Spp. w/ subsurface epithelia structure.
4. Spp. w/ cystic follicles.

Answer 9

1. Dog, cat, cow.
2. Mare.
3. Dog.
4. Cow, sow.

Question 10

1. Spp. w/ luteal cysts.
2. Spp. w/ cystic corpus luteum.
3. Spp. w/ hydatid of Morgagni.
4. Spp. w/ mesonephric duct cysts

Answer 10

1. Cow, sow.
2. Cow.
3. Mare.
4. Dog.

Question 11

1. What is a follicular cyst?
2. What is a luteal follicular cyst?

Answer 11

1. Mature follicle that fails to ovulate due to a defect in the pre-ovulatory LH increase or LH receptors.
2. Ovulation fails to occur and the theca undergoes luteinisation.

Question 12

1. What is a cystic corpus luteum.
2. Term for ovarian inflammation?

Answer 12

1. CL that has formed after ovulation and in which a central cavity has persisted in a mass of developing luteal tissue.
2. Oophoritis.

Question 13

1. How do bovine spp. develop oophoritis?
2. How do cats and dogs develop oophoritis?

Answer 13

1. BVDV&raquo_space; vertical transmission.
   Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (Bovine Herpesvirus).
2. Bacterial.

Question 14

1. Dysgerminoma.
2. Teratoma.
3. What type of tumour are these?

Answer 14

1. Composed by primordial germ cells.
   Rare in dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cows.
   Usually unilateral.
2. Rare. Tumour that has extensive differentiation into tissue of multiple germ layers.
3. Germ cell tumours.

Question 15

1. Granulosa-theca cell tumour.
2. Tumours composed only of theca cells (thecoma/luteoma).
3. What type of tumour are these.

Answer 15

1. Granulosa cells and theca cells often coexist in same tumour. Usually unilateral. Can be large, solid or cystic and often produce hormones.
2. Solid, white to orange, firm. Cell cytoplasm contains lipid droplets.
3. Sex cord-stromal cell tumours.

Question 16

Tumours of the surface of coelomic epithelium.

Answer 16

Common in dogs.
Papillary cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma.
Often bilateral, up to 10cm diameter.
Cauliflower-like.
If malignant, peritoneal spread (“seeding”) possible – Lymphatic blockage&raquo_space; ascites.

Question 17

1. Segmental aplasia of paramesonephric ducts.
2. Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts.
3. Other female repro developmental pathologies of the oviduct to vulva.

Answer 17

1. Commonly found in white Shorthorn.
   Complete absence of an entire horn called uterus unicornis.
2. Usually partial.
   Usually involves cervix.
   Most commonly found in cows.
3. Imperforate hymen.
   Hypoplasia of cervix.
   Dilations and diverticula of the cervix.
   Vaginal stenosis.

Question 18

1. Hydrosalpinx.
2. Salpingitis.
3. Pyosalpinx.

Answer 18

1. Distension of uterine tube by colourless mucus. Obstructs lumen. Congenital or inflammatory basis (usually chronic).
2. Inflammation of uterine tubes w/o significant enlargement. Usually bilateral.
3. Typical of acute septic inflammations. Distension of the uterine tube by pus in the lumen. Ascending bacterial infection from the uterus. Truepurella pyogenes most common and important bacterium isolated.

Question 19

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia.

Answer 19

Predisposition – excessive and prolonged estrogenic stimulation.
Due to joint actions of oestrogens and progesterone.
Dogs, cats, cattle affected.
In cattle, related to follicular cysts or granulosa tumours – oestrogens increased.

Question 20

1. Uterus inflammation types.
2. Routes of uterus infection.
3. Uterus inflammation predisposing factors.

Answer 20

1. Endometritis - endometrium.
   Metritis - wall.
   Perimetritis - serosa.
   Parametritis - mesometrium.
2. • Ascending (via cervix).
     - Haematogenous from systemic disease.
     - Contiguity (by contact).
3. Post-partum.
   AI.
   Trauma.

Question 21

1. When is endometritis most common?
2. Infectious agents isolated in mares.
3. What is the infectious agent of contagious equine metritis?
4. Appearance of lumen of cattle with metritis.

Answer 21

1. After mating or post-partum.
2. Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Taylorella equigenitalis and alfa haemolytic streptococci.
3. Taylorella equigenitalis.
4. Chocolate coloured lochia. Mucosa appears oedematous and scattered haemorrhages can also be observed together w/ necrotic and suppurative pneumonia.

Question 22

1. What is metritis?
2. Characteristics of metritis uterus.
3. How can death occur as a result of metritis?

Answer 22

1. Inflammation of layers of uterine wall.
2. Paretic (weak). Thickened, oedematous and friable wall. Yellow to dark red and smelly content.
3. Secondary toxaemia, septicaemia.

Question 23

1. What is pyometra?
2. Predisposition to uterine infection in dogs.
   – Main clinical signs.
3. What happens in cattle w/ uterine infection?
4. Pyometra in mares.

Answer 23

1. Acute or chronic suppurative infection of uterus w/ accumulation of purulent exudate w/in uterine lumen.
2. High progesterone levels of diestrum.
   – PUPD.
3. Infection causes CL to persist and maintain a high progesterone level due to reduced production of PGF2a by affected endometrium.
4. Continue cycling during the disease.

Question 24

1. Primary repro neoplasia in female dogs.
2. Primary repro neoplasia in cows.
3. Secondary repro neoplasia.

Answer 24

1. Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle cells).
2. Endometrial carcinoma.
3. Lymphoma diffuse / nodular – esp. cows.
   Common in multicentric form.

Question 25

1. Cervicitis.
2. Specific infectious disease causing cervicitis.
3. Nonspecific diseases causing cervicitis.
4. Time to resolve.

Answer 25

1. Usually extension of uterine or vaginal inflammation.
2. Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equgenitalis).
3. • Post-parturient inflammatory processes affecting uterus and vagina.
     - Trauma from artificial insemination – cervical abscesses.
4. Most cases are quick to resolve.

Question 25

Granular vulvitis.

Answer 25

Result of mild inflammation of the vulval mucosa.
Granular appearance – Histologically, organised lymphoid follicles.
Cows – Ureaplasma diversum may be involved.

Question 26

Viral vaginitis/vulvitis.

Answer 26

Herpesvirus
- Horses EHV (Equine coital exanthema).
- Cows BHV-1 (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR)).
- Goats CpHV-1.
- Oedema and haemorrhages common first signs of disease.
- Virus is epitheliotropic (intranuclear inclusions) and produce focal lesions w/ secondary erosion/ulceration.
- Highly contagious – spread by coitus.
- Possible secondary infection w/ vaginal mucopurulent discharge.

Question 27

Dourine…
1. Aetiology.
2. Spp. affected.
3. Transmission via…
4. In UK?
5. What is it?

Answer 27

1. Trypanosoma equiperdum.
2. Equine.
3. Coitus.
4. ND. Never been a known case in UK though.
5. Swelling of ext. genitalia and ulcerations, leaving depigmented scars in repro tract. Cutaneous lesions also present.

Question 28

Neoplasia of the vagina and vulva.

Answer 28

Squamous cell carcinoma – cows, sheep, horses.
Invasive and locally aggressive.
Metastasis late in disease.
Predisposed by degree of epithelial depigmentation, increasing exposure to UV light.
Bovine fibropapillomavirus 1.
- Most common tumour in bovine vulva. Usually affects young animals.

Question 29

Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour (Sticker’s sarcoma).

Answer 29

Coitus&raquo_space; tumour cells shed and implant to ext. genitalia as a xenograft.
Up to 15cm.
Papillary or irregular.
Sometimes an ulcerated and friable mass.
histiocytic phenotype.

Question 30

Normal placental anatomy…
1. Diffuse. – Seen in what spp?
2. Cotyledonary. – seen in what spp?
3. Zonary. – seen in what spp?
4. Discoid. – seen in what spp?

Answer 30

1. Almost entire surface of allantochorion is involved in formation of placenta.
   – Seen in horses and pigs.
2. Foetal portions called cotyledons, maternal contact sites = caruncles, form the cotyledon-caruncle which is a placentome. – observed in ruminants.
3. Placenta takes form of complete or incomplete band of tissue. – seen in carnivores like dogs and cats, seals, bears, and elephants.
4. A single placenta formed and is discoid in shape – seen in primates and rodents.

Question 31

What happens when death of embryo before terminal date occur in domestic carnivores? – why?

Answer 31

Process of autolysis and resorption or mummification begins w/ expulsion of products at or near the term – Lifespan of the corpora lutea innate and hormone production by them is independent of pregnancy until last stages of gestation.

Question 32

What happens in mares if the conceptus dies after the establishment of the endometrial cups?

Answer 32

Continue to produce chorionic gonadotropin, accessory corpora lutea produced and mare continues for variable period in a state of pseudopregnancy,

Question 33

What happens when embryos die in pigs?

Answer 33

No disruption of pregnancy. Dead embryos are resorbed or mummified.

Question 34

1. Predisposing factors for embryonic death.
2. Results of foetal death.

Answer 34

1. Viruses, drugs and radiation.
2. Mummification, maceration-septic, abortion, stillbirth.

Question 35

1. Infectious causes of abortion-stillbirth.
2. Non-infectious causes of abortion-stillbirth.
3. Optimal submission for diagnostic investigations.

Answer 35

1. Bacteria, fungi - feotomaternal interface highly susceptible due to predisposing factors such as decreased O2 conc., elevated temps etc.
   - Predominantly haematogenous spread in cattle.
   - Predominantly transcervical diffusion in horses.
   Viruses - depends on virus and age of foetus.
   Protozoa - related to the parasite life cycle.
2. Plants, hormones, nutrition, metabolic. genetic.
3. Includes foetus, placenta plus serum from the dam.

Question 36

1. Brucella spp.
2. Campylobacter spp.
3. Coxiella burnetii.

Answer 36

1. Necrotising placentitis and/or pneumonia in foetus.
2. Placental lesions resemble those in brucellosis but are less severe.
3. Causative agent of Q-Fever, a zoonotic disease. Gross lesions confined to placenta which is thickened and leathery.

Question 37

Schmallenberg virus.

Answer 37

CNS, axial skeleton and skeletal muscle most commonly reported sites for congenital malformation, individually or in combination, in domestic ruminants.
Arthrogryposis can be pathognomonic for SBV infection.

Question 38

BVDV.

Answer 38

Oophoritis, fertilisation failure, embryonic death, absorption or abortion, mummification, stillbirth, birth of calves smaller than normal, weak or with congenital defects such as microencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, thymic aplasia, microphthalmia.
Some calves near-normal looking but persistently infected.

Question 39

1. Protozoa neospora caninum.
2. Protozoa toxoplasma gondii.

Answer 39

1. Major cause of abortion in dairy and beef. Mostly 5-6mths into gestation. Often no useful identifying gross lesions.
2. Important abortifacient in sheep and goats. Foetus usually shows no gross significant findings, but cotyledons have characteristic lesions - bright to dark red w/ numerous white flecks or small soft white nodules.

Question 40

Mycotic abortions.

Answer 40

Cattle usually affected.
Aspergillus fumigatus frequently isolated.
Characteristic cutaneous lesions (plaques) - not always present.
Placenta leathery and necrotic.

Question 41

1. Plants causing abortion.
2. Mycotoxins causing abortion.
3. Hormonal causes of abortion.
4. Nutritional causes of abortion.
5. Genetic/chromosomal causes of abortion.
6. Other causes of abortion.

Answer 41

1. Nitrate poisoning.
   Pine needle.
   Locoweeds.
2. Zearlenone.
   Ergot.
3. Progesterone deficiency.
   Accidental administration of hormone (glucocorticoids, oxytocin, oestrogen and PGF2a).
4. Mineral deficiency, trace elements deficiency.
5. Gene defects, chromosomal abnormality.
6. Umbilical torsion, twin pregnancy.

Question 42

Hydrops (hydramnios, hydrallantois).

Answer 42

Increased fluid accumulation in aminionic sac or allantoic sac.
Hydramnios due to foetal malformation so cannot swallow fluid and fluid accumulates.
Hydrallantois associated w/ uterine and placental disease.

Question 43

1. Uterine torsion.
2. Possible outcomes of uterine torsion.

Answer 43

1. Rotation of uterus about its long axis w/ twisting of anterior vagina.
2. Abdo pain, progressive anorexia and constipation.
   Uterus becomes severely congested oedematous, separates from placenta and foetus dies.
   Necrosis and rupture of uterus possible.
   - Maternal death due to toxaemia, peritonitis, haemorrhage and shock.

Question 44

Prolapse.

Answer 44

Common in cattle and pigs.
Predisposing factors = uterine hypotony.
Associated w/:
- prolonged dystocia.
- post parturient hypocalcaemia.
Consequences = congestion + oedema&raquo_space; trauma + haemorrhage&raquo_space; necrosis and shock.