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CVSOH1 Clinical Repro > Equine Parturition > Flashcards

Equine Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

How can we predict parturition?

A

Date of conception.
Estimate foetal age.
Relaxation of pelvic ligament.
Examine mammary glands.
Mammary secretions.
Foaling alarms - recumbency or sweat.

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2
Q
  1. Milk electrolyte changes before parturition.
  2. How can we test for milk electrolyte changes?
A
  1. Increase calcium, increase potassium, decrease sodium, more acidic (decrease pH).
    - Calcium >200ppm then 84% of foaling w/in 48hrs.
  2. Commercial kites.
    - Predict-a-foal for Ca and Mg.
    - FoalWatch.
    - Water hardness tests?
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3
Q
  1. Duration of stage 1 labour?
  2. What does stage 1 labour involve?
  3. What should be done during this time?
A
  1. 1-4hrs.
  2. Onset of uterine contractions.
    Mild colic signs.
    Foal enters the pelvis.
    Cervix opening.
  3. Prepare for foaling:
    - Bandage tail and wash perineum.
    - Episiotomy to reverse Caslicks if not done yet.
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4
Q
  1. Duration of stage 2 labour?
  2. What does stage 2 labour involve?
A
  1. 5-25mins.
  2. Abdominal contractions.
    - explosive, powerful.
    Chorioallantoic membranes rupture.
    - at cervical star.
    Amnion exteriorised.
    Foal delivered.
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5
Q
  1. Presentation.
  2. Position.
  3. Posture.
  4. Ideals for these?
A
  1. Direction of foal.
  2. Relative spines.
  3. Limbs.
    • Anterior presentation.
      - Dorsal position.
      - Limbs extended.
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6
Q

Immediately post partum.

A

Minimal human interference ideally for foal-mare bonding.
Bring foal to mare’s head if birth assisted.
Righting reflexes present w/in 5 mins.
- foal attempting to stand.
- standing by 1hr.
- suckling by 2hrs.
- placenta passed by 3hrs.

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7
Q
  1. Duration of stage 3 labour.
  2. What happens in stage 3 labour?
  3. What if stage 3 labour >3hrs.
A
  1. 3hrs.
  2. Expulsion of foetal membranes.
    - allantochorion.
    - lochia.
    Mild uterine pain.
  3. Foetal membranes considered retained.
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8
Q

Post partum.

A

Uterine involution rapid.
Vulval discharge 3-4d.
Turnout helps express lochia.
Foal heat 5-9d - breed on foal heat?

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9
Q
  1. Circumstances for inducing parturition.
  2. How to induce.
A
  1. IN HOSPITAL.
    - Rupture pre-pubic tendon.
    - Hydrops uteri.
    - Overdue and small foal.
    - Uncomfortable and open cervix.
  2. Low dose oxytocin.
    - 10 i.u. every 20mins.
    - OR daily oxytocin when imminent.
    PG cervix.
    More risk to foal than to mare.
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10
Q

Premature placental separation.

A

“red-bag delivery”.
Predisposed by induced labour.
This is an emergency and foal needs to be delivered ASAP.
Foal supplemental O2.
High risk perinatal asphyxia syndrome - “dummy foal”.

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11
Q
  1. Maternal causes of dystocia?
  2. Foetal causes of dystocia?
A
  1. Uterine torsion.
    Pelvic fracture.
  2. Size.
    Malpresentation.
    Deformities:
    - hydrocephalus.
    - limbs.
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12
Q

Dystocia - taking the call.

A

Advise Os keep mare walking and put on tail bandage.
Drive directly and immediately OR get mare to hospital ASAP.
- Foal at risk of perinatal asphyxia syndrome and/or hypoxia.
Most of the time, a live foal will be there when you arrive.
- 1-4% incidence dystocia in thoroughbreds.
- 10% incidence in drafts.

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13
Q

When is it considered equine dystocia?

A

No amnion or foal at vulva w/in 5mins of allantochorion rupturing (water breaking).
No strong contractions w/in 10mins of allantochorion rupturing (water breaking).
VAGINAL EXAM INDICATED IMMEDIATELY!

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14
Q
  1. Dystocia options.
  2. Choice of option determined by…
A
  1. Vaginal assisted delivery.
    Controlled vaginal delivery.
    C section.
  2. Cost
    Live foal/dead foal.
    Owner.
    Vet.
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15
Q
  1. Vaginal assisted delivery suitable for?
  2. Experience w/ what helps immensely?
  3. Rules for when to refer.
  4. Principles.
  5. Method?
A
  1. Quick fix on stud / yard.
    Suitable for:
    - red bag delivery.
    - some abnormal presentations.
    - economic challenges???
  2. Experience w/ lambing / calving helps immensely.
  3. Consider how long to try for.
    Keep making progress, stopping and reassessing.
    REFER if no progress in 5 mins OR if not out in 30mins.
  4. +/- sedate mare.
    Maintain hygiene.
    LUBRICATION!
    Clenbuterol.
    Consider epidural.
  5. ID fore/hindlimbs.
    Rope limbs - to pull on.
    Rope head - to guide position, NOT pull.
    Pull DOWNWARDS.
    Pull in synchrony w/ uterine contractions.
    Need foal catchers if standing.
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16
Q

Controlled vaginal delivery.

A

Deliver foal per vaginum.
Mare is anaesthetised.
Elevate HLs.
Allows repositioning w/o contractions impairing progress.

17
Q

Indications for episiotomy.

A

If Caslicks’ previously performed:
- reverse (incise) ~2w before birth.
– when udder develops.
– Daily Vaseline.
- if appalling conformation:
– few large sutures easy to remove.
If large foal - incise 1 or 11 o’clock.

18
Q
  1. Surgical options.
  2. Fostering.
A
  1. C section and embryotomy.
    2 Pick a good mum.
    TB mares not easy.
    Camouflage smell of new foal.
    - Vicks on nose.
    - Dead foal skin as a coat.
    Ensure agreement between O of foal and O of mare - who pays for what.
19
Q

Dystocia after care.

A

Foal:
- standing w/in 1hr.
- suckling w/in 2hrs.
Closely monitor mare for:
- DUDE.
- Lactation - Tx Domperidone.
- Pain - Tx NSAIDs.
- Passing placenta w/in 3hrs.
- Laminitis.
- Endotoxic shock.
- Peritonitis.

20
Q

Post partum problems.

A

RFM.
Trauma to vulva, vestibule, vagina, cervix, perineum, uterus, rectum, anus.
Uterine rupture / haematoma / prolapse.
Rupture utero-ovarian artery.
Hypocalcaemia.
Metritis.
Mammary gland issues.

21
Q
  1. Incidence of RFM.
  2. What should be done if foetal membranes are hanging out of the mare?
  3. RFM Tx options.
A
  1. 2-10% (50% post c section).
  2. Fold up and tie.
    - not weighted.
    - can be assessed afterwards.
  3. Oxytocin drip/bolus.
    Manual traction W/ CARE!
22
Q
  1. Actions for post removal of the RFM.
  2. What are the consequences of unidentified/untreated RFM?
A
  1. Lavage large volume.
    Oxytocin bolus.
  2. Endometritis.
    Laminitis.
    Shock.
    Death.
23
Q
  1. First degree perineal laceration.
  2. Second degree perineal laceration.
  3. Tx of these.
  4. Third degree perineal laceration.
A
  1. Vulval lips.
  2. Vulval lips and muscle layers.
  3. Usually too swollen to suture immediately:
    - delay repair until swelling subsided.
    - resolve problem before covering.
    - MISS FOAL HEAT.
  4. Recto-vaginal fistula.
24
Q

Cervical trauma.

A

Rare but serious consequence for future fertility.
Assess using speculum in dioestrus.
Fibrosis leading cervical incompetence.
Full thickness tears sutured 4-8wks.
Warn O of potential poor fertility.

25
Q

Uterine tear/rupture management.

A

Manage conservatively if dorsal and small.
Considered surgical emergency if large/ventral - important to recognise costs!

26
Q
  1. Uterine haematoma presentation.
  2. Uterine haematoma Dx.
  3. Uterine haematoma healing.
  4. Presentation of ruptured ovario-uterine artery?
  5. Dx of ruptured ovario-uterine artery?
  6. Tx of ruptured ovario-uterine artery?
A
  1. Presents as post partum colic.
  2. Rectal palpation and US.
  3. Usually w/o complication.
  4. Severe colic.
  5. On clinical signs and US.
    - Abdo paracentesis.
  6. Autotransfusion/blood transfusion.
    ? Formalin IV
    Antifibrinolytics (aminocaproic acid).
27
Q

Uterine prolapse.

A

Rare and diagnosed by presentation.
Fatal haemorrhage possible.
Lavage thoroughly.
Feed back in gently and lavage large volume of fluid.
Treat w/ ABX, NSAIDs, calcium, NO oxytocin.

28
Q
  1. Hypocalcaemia related to?
  2. Presentation of hypocalcaemia?
  3. Tx of hypocalcaemia.
  4. Predisposes mare to what?
A
  1. Stress.
  2. Hyperaesthesia and dry faeces.
    Spontaneous diaphragmatic flutter (Thumps).
    Recumbency and tetanic spasms.
  3. Infuse Ca borogluconate.
  4. Post partum colic.
29
Q
  1. Risks associated w/ metritis.
  2. Metritis Tx.
  3. Mammary gland problems.
A
  1. Poor fertility, laminitis, endotoxaemia.
  2. Copious lavage.
    Topical +/- systemic ABX.
    NSAIDs.
    Polymixin B.
  3. Agalactia.
    Mastitis.
    Premature lactation.
30
Q
  1. What mares tend to have agalactia
  2. Mechanisms of agalactia.
  3. How can agalactia be dx by serum?
  4. Tx of agalactia.
A
  1. Primiparous mares.
  2. Ingestion ergot alkaloid.
    Poor nutrition.
    Pain.
  3. Serum prolactin decreases.
  4. Domperidone, Metaclopramide.
31
Q

Mastitis.

A

Can also occur in non-breeding mares.
O may think lame.
Hot, swollen, painful.
May show systemic signs.
Diagnose by presentation and milk cytology / culture (usually streptococcus zooepidemicus).

32
Q
  1. Mastitis Tx.
  2. What should you check in the case of premature lactation?
  3. What should be done in the case of premature lactation?
A
  1. Milk out.
    Intramammary preparations (cows).
    Hot pack.
    NSAIDs.
    Systemic ABX - TMPS / Penicillin.
  2. Combined thickness of uterus and placenta for placentitis.
  3. Collect colostrum and store in fridge to stomach tube foal.
33
Q
  1. Critical mare-foal bonding period?
  2. Risks of foal rejection.
  3. Why may mare reject foal?
  4. Management and Tx.
A
  1. 1st 6hrs of foal life.
  2. Failure of passive transfer +/- trauma to foal.
    • Maiden mare.
      - Mare reared in isolation.
      - Arab mare.
      - Painful mare (mammary glands?)
  4. Don’t punish mare.
    Give aggressive mare atrenogest.
    NSAIDs.
    Oxytocin.
    Hand milking.
    Sedation w/ ACP.

CVSOH1 Clinical Repro (36 decks)

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