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Reproductive System > Repro System Development > Flashcards

Repro System Development Flashcards

1
Q

A Reproductive System has 3 Components:

A
  1. gonads
  2. duct system
  3. external genitalia
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2
Q
  1. Sex Determination occurs at ________
  2. Sex Differentiation occurs during ____________________ (influenced by genetic & epigenetic factors)
A
  1. Sex Determination occurs at fertilization
  2. Sex Differentiation occurs during embryonic and into the fetal period (influenced by genetic & epigenetic factors)
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3
Q
  1. Presence and action of ________________, appears to actively influence sexual differentiation in a male direction
  2. A second factor _____________________ is involved in promoting regression of the paramesonephric (müllerian) ducts
A
  1. Presence and action of androgens, appears to actively influence sexual differentiation in a male direction
  2. A second factor Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS or MIF) is involved in promoting regression of the paramesonephric (müllerian) ducts
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4
Q

What are the two embryoinc precursor tissues for the reporductive system?

A
  1. Intermediate Mesoderm
  2. Endoderm
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5
Q

What happens during the indifferent stage (weeks 4-6)?

A

primordia of the organs of the reproductive system begin to form

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6
Q

The Indifferent Gonad Forms within the ___________ Aspect of the __________ _____

  • What is the structure renamed once the gonad primordium appears?
A

The Indifferent Gonad Forms within the Ventromedial Aspect of the Nephrogenic Cord

  • With appearance of gonad primordium, the ridge is renamed the UG Ridge
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7
Q

Cell Types Found in Forming Gonads (3):

A
  1. germ cells
  2. supporting cells
  3. interstitial cells
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8
Q

List the Primordial Germ Cells (PGC):

  • What can generate a teratoma?
A
  1. Gamete progenitor cells
  2. Extra-gonadal origin
  3. Migrate to gonad
  4. Unique morphology
  • Persistence of PGC’s outside the gonad may generate a teratoma
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9
Q

Describe the **development of the primordial germ cells: **

  1. What do they form?
  2. Where do they orginate from?
  3. What week are they first seen?
  4. When do they migrate?
  5. What happens once they reach the gonad?
A
  1. Form the stem cells for gamete production
  2. Extragonadal origin
  3. First seen in the yolk sac wall during week three
  4. During weeks 4-5 they migrate to the gonad
  5. Once in the gonad, they become associated with or surrounded by epithelial supporting cells derived from a proliferation of the coelomic epithelium
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10
Q

What is the fate of the cranial and caudal attachments of the primitve gonad?

A
  • Cranial
    • Suspensory ligament
  • Caudal
    • Gubernaculum

Note: UG ridge is attached to body wall dorsally by a mesentery

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11
Q

What two sets of ducts develop during the indifferent stage?

A
  • Mesonephric Duct (MD) (“The Wolffian System”)
    • Associated with the mesonephric kidney
  • Paramesonephric Duct (“The Mullerian System”)
    • Lateral to MD
    • Invagination of coelomic epithelium
    • Formation induced by MD
    • Contacts the UG Sinus
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12
Q

What are the external swellings in the caudal region of the embryo?

A

*Progenitors of the External Genitalia*

  1. Genital Tubercle
    • A midline swelling
  2. Urethral (Urogenital) Folds
    • Surround the UG membrane
  3. Labioscrotal Swellings
    • Lateral to the urethral (urogenital) Folds
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13
Q

What is the first event that occurs after the indifferent stage?

A

Differentiation of the gonad

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14
Q

What gene results in the formation of the testes?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

  • Encodes for a DNA binding protein the Testicular Determining Factor (TDF)
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15
Q

What cells form in the testes as a result of the SRY gene?

A
  • Germ Cells
    • PGC form spermatogonia
  • Sertoli Cells (supporting cells)
    • Express Sox 9
    • Form from coelomic epithelial cords
    • Associate w/germ cells (seminiferous cords)
  • Leydig Cells (interstitial cells)
    • Secrete testosterone [week 8]
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16
Q

What is the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes?

A

tunica albuginea

17
Q

In the absence of SRY gene expression, the indifferent gonad develops into an _____

A

In the absence of SRY gene expression, the indifferent gonad develops into an Ovary

  • Note: Expression of 2 X chromosomes needed for ovarian development
18
Q

What cells develop in the ovary?

A
  • Germ Cells
    • PGC become oogonia
  • Follicle/Granulosa Cells (supporting cells)
    • Associate w/oogonia forming primordial follicles
  • Interstitial Cells
    • Can produce steroid hormones
19
Q
  1. Where do the testes descend into?
    • What happens if this fails?
  2. Where do the ovaries descend into?
A
  1. Testis Descend into the Scrotum
    • Failure of descent = Cryptorchidism
  2. Ovaries Descend into the Pelvis
20
Q

In the presence of _________ (male embryo), the growth and differentiation of the mesonephric ducts are supported

A

In the presence of testosterone (male embryo), the growth and differentiation of the mesonephric ducts are supported

21
Q
  1. Derivatives of the Mesonephric Duct:
  2. Derivatives of the Mesonephric Tubules:
A
  1. Derivatives of the Mesonephric Duct:
    • Duct of Epididymis
    • Ductus (Vas) Deferens
    • Ejaculatory Duct
    • Seminal Vesicle
  2. Derivatives of the Mesonephric Tubules:
    • Efferent Ductules
  • Note: In the male, there is a continuous duct system from seminiferous tubules to the urethra
22
Q
  • What supports the development of the prostate?
  • Describe the development of the prostate:
A
  • Induced and supported by androgens
  • Prostate Gland may have a Dual Origin
    • Both primordia begin as buds
    • Most glands - form from buds of the endoderm lining of the pelvic part of UG sinus
    • Central zone glands – form from buds from the mesoderm
  • Budding is induced by UG sinus Mesenchyme
23
Q

Presence of ___ in male embryos stimulates the regression of the paramesonephric ducts

A

Presence of MIS in male embryos stimulates the regression of the paramesonephric ducts

  • Note: Part of the prostatic utricle is derived from the Paramesonephric Duct
24
Q

In the absence of __________ (female embryo) the
development of the mesonephric ducts is not supported

A

In the absence of testosterone (female embryo) the
development of the mesonephric ducts is not supported

  • Note: Cystic remnants of the mesonephric duct can be found within the broad ligament
25
Q

In the female embryo, absence of ___ allows the growth and differentiation of the paramesonephric ducts

A

In the female embryo, absence of MIS allows the growth and differentiation of the paramesonephric ducts

26
Q

Describe the growth and differentiation of the paramesonephric ducts:

A
  • The caudal 1/3 Fuses, and becomes the uterus & part of the vagina
  • The cranial 2/3 remains unfused, and becomes the oviduct
  • The paramesonephric ducts & pelvic part of UG sinus interact with each other to form the vagina
27
Q

How can abnormal development of the paramesonephric ducts present?

A

Range from total absence to complete duplication of uterus & vagina

28
Q

Remodeling of the Definitive UG Sinus (during Indifferent Stage):

  1. Pelvic Portion
    • Male
    • Female
  2. Phallic Portion
    • Male
    • Female
A
  1. Pelvic Portion
    • Male
      • Distal Prostatic & Membranous Urethra
    • Female
      • Part of Vagina
  2. Phallic Portion
    • Male
      • Penile Urethra
    • Female
      • Vestibule
29
Q

In the presence of ___, the genital tubercle and
urethral folds elongate

A

In the presence of DHT, the genital tubercle and
urethral folds elongate

30
Q
  • The lining of the penile urethra is derived from the _______ of the ______ part of the UG Sinus
  • The portion of the penile urethra within the glans is formed by an ingrowth of _______
A
  • The lining of the penile urethra is derived from the endoderm of the phallic part of the UG Sinus
  • The portion of the penile urethra within the glans is formed by an ingrowth of ectoderm
31
Q

What does normal development of the male reproductive ducts and external genitalia depend on (2)?

A
  1. Presence of androgens
  2. Conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by 5-α reductase in the accessory glands and external genitalia
32
Q

What can abnormal formation of the male urethra result in?

A
  • Hypospadias
    • Urethral opening proximal to tip of glans
  • Epispadias
    • Urethra open dorsally
33
Q

In the absence of ___, the primordia of the external genitalia develop in a female direction

A

In the absence of DHT, the primordia of the external genitalia develop in a female direction

  • The genital tubercle forms the clitoris
  • The urethral folds form the labia minora
  • The labioscrotal swellings form the labia majora

Reproductive System (35 decks)

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