Repro: Sex, Pregnacy & Lactation Flashcards
(121 cards)
0
Q
Sensitive sensory end-organ system that transmits inti the CNS that special modality of sensation resulting to
A
Sexual sensation
1
Q
Most important source of sensory signals for initiating the male sexual act.
A
Gland penis
2
Q
Male sexual response flow
A
Slippery massaging action of glans -> pudendal nerve:S2 to S4 -> sacral plexus -> sacral pprtion of the SC -> undefined areas of tye brain
3
Q
Areas adjacent to the penis in which impulses may also enter the SC
A
Perineal structure, Anal epithelium & Scrotum “PAS”
4
Q
First effect of male sexual stimulation; degree of erection is proportional to the degree of stimulation, whether psychic or physcial
A
Penile erection
5
Q
Are the culmination of the male sex act
A
Ejaculation & Emission
6
Q
The entire period of Ejaculation & Emission is called
A
Orgasm
7
Q
At its termination, the male sexual excitement disappears almost entirely within ________ and erection ceases, a process called _______.
A
1-2mins. Resolution.
8
Q
Term for flaccid penis
A
Detumescence
9
Q
Organ in female that has erection
A
Clitoris
10
Q
Necessary during intercourse to establish a satisfactory massaging sensation rather than an irritative sensation, which may be provoked by a dry vagina
A
Lubrication
11
Q
Sources of lubrication
A
Bartholin’s gland, Vaginal epithelium & Male urethra “BVM”
12
Q
Constitutes the optimal stimulus for evoking the appropriate reflexes that culminate in both the male and female climaxes
A
Massaging sensation
13
Q
When local sexual stimulation reaches maximum intensity, and especially when the local sensations are supported by appropriate psychic conditioning signals from the cerebrum, reflexes are initiated that cause the
A
Female orgasm/climax
14
Q
Physiologic significance of orgasm: reflexes increases uterine & fallopian tube _______ during the orgasm. Copulation causes ________ secretion.
A
Motility. Oxytocin.
15
Q
The mature ovum surrounded by __________. _________ of the corona radiata. Entry of the ______. Formation of male and female ________. Reorganization of a full complement of ________ and beginning of division of ________.
A
Corona radiata. Dispersal. Sperm. Pronuclei. Chromosome. Ovum.
16
Q
Meiosis I occurs when egg is
A
Trapped
17
Q
Meiosis II occurs when egg is
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Fertilized
18
Q
Failure of fertilization will lead to
A
Secondary oocyte
19
Q
In 4 spermatocytes, how many degenerates
A
3
20
Q
Is determined during fertilization
A
Genotypic sex
21
Q
Oocyte & Sperm are considered
A
Haploid
22
Q
Fertilization of ovum: normally takes place in the _______ of one of the fallopian tubes soon after both the sperm and the ovum enter the ampulla.
A
Ampulla
23
Q
Fertilization of ovum: before a sperm can enter the ovum, it must first enter to the multiple layers of the ________ attached to the outside of the ovum (the ________) and bind to penetrate the ________ surrounding the ovum.
A
Granulosa cell. Corona radiata. Zona pellucida.
24
Reaction: only one egg = only one sperm
Acrosome reaction
25
Single ovarian follicle composition
One germ cell (oocyte) & surrounded by endocrine/granulosa cells
26
In female reproductive unit: about every _____, gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary cause about ______ new follicles to begin to grow in the ovaries. One of the follicles finally becomes mature and ovulates on the ____ day of the cycle.
28. 8-12. 14.
27
Female reproductive unit: ______ follicle to ______ ovarian follicle to _____ oocyte.
Graffian. Mature. Primary.
28
Before implantation, the blastocyst obtain its nutrition from the uterine endometrial secretions specifically
Uterine milk
29
Implantation of the _______, invasion of ____ & _________ them formation of the ____________.
Blastocyst. Cyto & Syncytiotrophoblasts. Placental hypothalamic pituitary axis.
30
Implantation of the blastocyst occurs where
Uterus
31
Ovulation & fertilization of the ovum occurs where
Fallopian tube
32
Action of the trophoblast cells in implantation of the blastocyst occurs in the
Uterine endometrium
33
Early nutrition of the embryo: when conceptus implants in the endometrium, (+) continued secretion of ________ -> endometrial cell swelling and storage of more nutrients. Theses cells are now called _______, and total mass of cells is called ______.
Progesterone. Decidual cells. Decidua.
34
Fertilization of ovum: trophoblast cells invade the ______ - only means of nutrition during the 1st week.
Decidua
35
Fertilization of ovum: embryo continues to obtain at least some of its nutrition in this way for up to ______, although the placenta also begins to provide nutrition after about _____ beyond fertilization (a little more than 1 week after implantation)
8 weeks. 16th day.
36
From granulosa cells
Corpus luteum
37
Corpus luteum secretes
Progesterone
38
Blastocyst implantation occurs when
5-7 days
39
Placenta implantation occurs when
16th day
40
Maintain endometrium for pregnancy
Progesterone
41
In between ___ to ___ days, decidua is secreted to give off uterine milk.
5-15 days
42
Most of the early nutrition is due to trophoblastic digestion and absorption of nutrients from endometrial _______ and essentially all the later nutrition results from diffusion through the __________.
Decidua. Placental membrane.
43
Functions of the placenta: _______ in supplying nutrients.
Fetal gut
44
Functions of the placenta: _________ in exchanging 02 & CO2.
Fetal lung
45
Functions of the placenta: _________ in regulating fluid volumes and disposing of waste metabolites.
Fetal kidney
46
Functions of the placenta: ________ synthesizing many steroids and protein hormones that affect both maternal and fetal metabolism.
Endocrine gland
47
Source of blood to the baby's trophoblast.
Spiral arteries
48
Less spiral, ____ resistance & ____ flow.
Low. High.
49
In pregnancy the placenta forms especially large quantities of these hormones
HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & HCS "HEPH"
50
Secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells inti the fluids of the mother. First appears in the maternal blood _____ post fertilization. Peaks at _______. Gradually falls to plateau at ________.
HCG. 7-9 days. 8-10 weeks. 18-22 weeks.
51
For enlargement of mother's uterus, breast and external genitalia. For growth of the breast ductal structure.
Estrogen
52
Estrogen relaxes the _______ of the mother, so the sacroiliac joints become relatively limber and the symphysis pubis becomes _________.
Pelvic ligaments. Elastic.
53
Protein that aids in the relaxation of joints.
Relaxin
54
Type of estrogen during non pregnant reproductive years
Estradiol
55
Type of estrogen during pregnancy
Estriol
56
Type of estrogen after menopause
Estrone
57
Estriol is produced in the
Placenta
58
Estradiol is produced in the
Ovary
59
Estrone is produced in the
Adipose
60
A relaxing hormone. Causes decidual cells to develop in the uterine endometrium for nutrition of the early embryo. Decreases the contractility of the pregnant uterus.
Progesterone
61
Increases the secretions of the mother's fallopian tubes and uterus to provide appropriate nutritive matter for the developing _______. Helps the estrogen prepare the mother's breast for lactation.
Progesterone. Morula.
62
Failure of GB to contract
Cholestasis
63
Causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decrease utilization of glucose in the mother, making larger quantities of glucose available for the fetus. In lower animals, partial development of the animal's breasts and in some instances causes lactation, formerly known as __________. Weak actions similar to those of GH.
Human chorionic somatomammotropin. Human placental lactogen.
64
Human chorionic somatomammotropin is secreted by the _____ at about ______. Secretion increases progressively in direct proprotion to the weight of the placenta.
Placenta. 5th week.
65
Screening for this must be done after HPL diminishes. Around 24th-28th weeks of gestation.
Gestational diabetes
66
4 periods of increase cardiac output: highest peak of cardiac load
On 28th week
67
4 periods of increase cardiac output: increased flow to heart from uterine squeezing, increased HR due to labor pains
During labor
68
4 periods of increase cardiac output: due to increased venous return
Immediately after labor
69
4 periods of increase cardiac output: mobilization of interstitium
During 1st week of puerperium
70
Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: ________ BMR by about 15% during the latter half of pregnancy
Increased
71
Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: increased ___ - increased BF to placenta
Cardiac Output
72
Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: increased minute ventilation - ________ increased respiratory center's sensitivity to CO2
Progesterone
73
Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: increased ____ & ____.
RBF & GFR
74
Due to decrease venous return and compressed IVC. Fluid moves to interstitium.
Edema
75
Physiologic weight gain during 1st trimester
2lbs
76
Physiologic weight gain during 2nd trimester
11lbs
77
Physiologic weight gain during 3rd trimester
11lbs
78
Birth of the baby. Toward the end of the pregnancy, _____ becomes progressively more excitable. Strong rhythmical contractions that the baby is expelled.
Parturition
79
Intense contractions responsible for parturition due to: progressive _________ changes that cause increased excitability of the __________. Progressive _______ changes.
Hormonal changes. Uterine musculature. Mechanical.
80
Shorten the duration of labor
Oxytocin
81
Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: ________ increases oxytocin receptors. Increases rate of secretion at the time of labor. Labor is prolonged in __________ animals.
Uterine muscle. Hypophysectomized.
82
Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: irritation or stretching of the uterine cervix, as occurs during labor, can cause a ________ through the _______ & _______ nuclei of the hypothalamus signals the neurohypophysis to increase secretion.
Neurogenic reflex. Paraventricular & Supraoptic.
83
Phases of Parturition: prelude to parturition. From implantation to few weeks before delivery. Longest time. Pregnancy is maintained. Main hormone. And other substances.
Phase 0: Quiescence. Progesterone. Prostacyclin, NO & Relaxin "PNR"
84
Main hormone in phase 0. And other substances.
Progesterone. Prostacyclin, NO & Relaxin. "PNR"
85
Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: preparation for labor. Last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy. Uterine contraction. Withdrawal of progesterone. No need to maintain pregnancy. Main hormone.
Phase 1: Activation. Estrogen.
86
Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: process of labor. Active labor stages 1-3. Main hormone. And other substances.
Phase 3: Stimulation. Oxytocin. Histamine, Prostaglandin & Serotonin "HPS"
87
Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: parturient recovery. Puerperium. Maternal recovery from birth. Maternal contribution to infant survival and restoration of fertility. Main hormone.
Phase 3: Involution. Oxytocin.
88
Presence of regular contractions that bring about cervical dilatation & effacement.
Labor
89
Irritates the cervix
Head of the baby
90
Thinning/ripening of the cervix
Effacement
91
Opening of the cervix
Dilatation
92
Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus
Estrogen
93
Stimulate more vigorous contractions of uterus
Prostaglandins
94
Stimulates uterus to contract and placenta to make prostaglandins
Oxytocin
95
Excites fundic contraction
Cervical stretch
96
Pushes the baby down and stretches the cervix some more
Fundic contractions
97
Breast development: begins at _______ due to ______ stimulation. Increased during pregnancy due to ______, ______ & ________.
Puberty. Estrogen. Estrogen. Progesterone. Prolactin.
98
Secreted by the anterior pituitary, starting from _____ of pregancy until birth, then cycles.
Prolactin. 5th week.
99
1st milk, contains same proteins and lactose as milk, but no fat. Has many antibodies for immunity.
Colostrum.
100
Stages of labor
Stage 1: latent phase "effacement" & active phase "dilatation", Stage 2: descent and Stage 3: Expulsion
101
Functional division of Stage 1 Latent "Effacement"
Preparatory
102
Functional division of Stage 1 Active "Dilatation"
Dilatational
103
Functional division of Stages 2 & 3
Pelvic
104
Stages of Labor: Begins on onset of regular UC and ends in acceleration of cervical dilatation. Prepares cervix for dilatation.
Stage 1: Latent phase "Effacement"
105
Stages of Labor: begins on acceleration of cervical dilatation and ends in full dilatation. Rapid cervical dilatation.
Stage 1: Active phase "Dilatation"
106
Stages of Labor: begins during full dilatation and ends to the delivery of baby. Descent of fetus.
Stage 2: Descent
107
Stages of Labor: begins in the delivery of baby and ends in the delivery of placenta.
Stage 3: Expulsion
108
Initiated by precipitous drop in estrogen and progesterone after delivery. __________ each time mother nurses baby due to nerve impulses from nipples to hypothalamus.
Lactation. Prolactin surge.
109
Without nursing stimulation, no prolactin surge, and loss of _________. When not nursing, hypothalamus produces ___________.
Milk production. Prolactin inhibitory hormone/Dopamine.
110
Inhibits FSH, LH and thus it also interferes with reproductive function
Lactation
111
Suckling reflex stimulates
Prolactin & Oxytocin release
112
Milk let down reflex will yield the secretion of
Oxytocin to produce milk
113
For milk ejection & uterine contraction
Oxytocin
114
Basis for oxytocin release
Nipple stimulation
115
Stimuli for Oxytocin release
Dilatation of cervix, Orgasm & Sucking
116
In males, oxytocin is for contraction of _________ during _______.
Vas deferens. Ejaculation.
117
Is influenced by neural and psychogenic factors
Sexual arousal
118
Is governed by hormonal and physical changes in the mother and baby
Pregnancy
119
Is the process of birthing
Parturition
120
Is a physiologic sequelae of pregnancy in mammals, and promotes maternal-fetal bonding
Lactation
