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Physiology > Repro: Sex, Pregnacy & Lactation > Flashcards

Repro: Sex, Pregnacy & Lactation Flashcards

0
Q

Sensitive sensory end-organ system that transmits inti the CNS that special modality of sensation resulting to

A

Sexual sensation

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1
Q

Most important source of sensory signals for initiating the male sexual act.

A

Gland penis

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2
Q

Male sexual response flow

A

Slippery massaging action of glans -> pudendal nerve:S2 to S4 -> sacral plexus -> sacral pprtion of the SC -> undefined areas of tye brain

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3
Q

Areas adjacent to the penis in which impulses may also enter the SC

A

Perineal structure, Anal epithelium & Scrotum “PAS”

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4
Q

First effect of male sexual stimulation; degree of erection is proportional to the degree of stimulation, whether psychic or physcial

A

Penile erection

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5
Q

Are the culmination of the male sex act

A

Ejaculation & Emission

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6
Q

The entire period of Ejaculation & Emission is called

A

Orgasm

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7
Q

At its termination, the male sexual excitement disappears almost entirely within ________ and erection ceases, a process called _______.

A

1-2mins. Resolution.

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8
Q

Term for flaccid penis

A

Detumescence

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9
Q

Organ in female that has erection

A

Clitoris

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10
Q

Necessary during intercourse to establish a satisfactory massaging sensation rather than an irritative sensation, which may be provoked by a dry vagina

A

Lubrication

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11
Q

Sources of lubrication

A

Bartholin’s gland, Vaginal epithelium & Male urethra “BVM”

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12
Q

Constitutes the optimal stimulus for evoking the appropriate reflexes that culminate in both the male and female climaxes

A

Massaging sensation

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13
Q

When local sexual stimulation reaches maximum intensity, and especially when the local sensations are supported by appropriate psychic conditioning signals from the cerebrum, reflexes are initiated that cause the

A

Female orgasm/climax

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14
Q

Physiologic significance of orgasm: reflexes increases uterine & fallopian tube _______ during the orgasm. Copulation causes ________ secretion.

A

Motility. Oxytocin.

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15
Q

The mature ovum surrounded by __________. _________ of the corona radiata. Entry of the ______. Formation of male and female ________. Reorganization of a full complement of ________ and beginning of division of ________.

A

Corona radiata. Dispersal. Sperm. Pronuclei. Chromosome. Ovum.

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16
Q

Meiosis I occurs when egg is

A

Trapped

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17
Q

Meiosis II occurs when egg is

A

Fertilized

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18
Q

Failure of fertilization will lead to

A

Secondary oocyte

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19
Q

In 4 spermatocytes, how many degenerates

A

3

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20
Q

Is determined during fertilization

A

Genotypic sex

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21
Q

Oocyte & Sperm are considered

A

Haploid

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22
Q

Fertilization of ovum: normally takes place in the _______ of one of the fallopian tubes soon after both the sperm and the ovum enter the ampulla.

A

Ampulla

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23
Q

Fertilization of ovum: before a sperm can enter the ovum, it must first enter to the multiple layers of the ________ attached to the outside of the ovum (the ________) and bind to penetrate the ________ surrounding the ovum.

A

Granulosa cell. Corona radiata. Zona pellucida.

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24
Q

Reaction: only one egg = only one sperm

A

Acrosome reaction

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25
Q

Single ovarian follicle composition

A

One germ cell (oocyte) & surrounded by endocrine/granulosa cells

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26
Q

In female reproductive unit: about every _____, gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary cause about ______ new follicles to begin to grow in the ovaries. One of the follicles finally becomes mature and ovulates on the ____ day of the cycle.

A
  1. 8-12. 14.
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27
Q

Female reproductive unit: ______ follicle to ______ ovarian follicle to _____ oocyte.

A

Graffian. Mature. Primary.

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28
Q

Before implantation, the blastocyst obtain its nutrition from the uterine endometrial secretions specifically

A

Uterine milk

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29
Q

Implantation of the _______, invasion of ____ & _________ them formation of the ____________.

A

Blastocyst. Cyto & Syncytiotrophoblasts. Placental hypothalamic pituitary axis.

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30
Q

Implantation of the blastocyst occurs where

A

Uterus

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31
Q

Ovulation & fertilization of the ovum occurs where

A

Fallopian tube

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32
Q

Action of the trophoblast cells in implantation of the blastocyst occurs in the

A

Uterine endometrium

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33
Q

Early nutrition of the embryo: when conceptus implants in the endometrium, (+) continued secretion of ________ -> endometrial cell swelling and storage of more nutrients. Theses cells are now called _______, and total mass of cells is called ______.

A

Progesterone. Decidual cells. Decidua.

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34
Q

Fertilization of ovum: trophoblast cells invade the ______ - only means of nutrition during the 1st week.

A

Decidua

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35
Q

Fertilization of ovum: embryo continues to obtain at least some of its nutrition in this way for up to ______, although the placenta also begins to provide nutrition after about _____ beyond fertilization (a little more than 1 week after implantation)

A

8 weeks. 16th day.

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36
Q

From granulosa cells

A

Corpus luteum

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37
Q

Corpus luteum secretes

A

Progesterone

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38
Q

Blastocyst implantation occurs when

A

5-7 days

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39
Q

Placenta implantation occurs when

A

16th day

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40
Q

Maintain endometrium for pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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41
Q

In between ___ to ___ days, decidua is secreted to give off uterine milk.

A

5-15 days

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42
Q

Most of the early nutrition is due to trophoblastic digestion and absorption of nutrients from endometrial _______ and essentially all the later nutrition results from diffusion through the __________.

A

Decidua. Placental membrane.

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43
Q

Functions of the placenta: _______ in supplying nutrients.

A

Fetal gut

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44
Q

Functions of the placenta: _________ in exchanging 02 & CO2.

A

Fetal lung

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45
Q

Functions of the placenta: _________ in regulating fluid volumes and disposing of waste metabolites.

A

Fetal kidney

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46
Q

Functions of the placenta: ________ synthesizing many steroids and protein hormones that affect both maternal and fetal metabolism.

A

Endocrine gland

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47
Q

Source of blood to the baby’s trophoblast.

A

Spiral arteries

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48
Q

Less spiral, ____ resistance & ____ flow.

A

Low. High.

49
Q

In pregnancy the placenta forms especially large quantities of these hormones

A

HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & HCS “HEPH”

50
Q

Secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells inti the fluids of the mother. First appears in the maternal blood _____ post fertilization. Peaks at _______. Gradually falls to plateau at ________.

A

HCG. 7-9 days. 8-10 weeks. 18-22 weeks.

51
Q

For enlargement of mother’s uterus, breast and external genitalia. For growth of the breast ductal structure.

A

Estrogen

52
Q

Estrogen relaxes the _______ of the mother, so the sacroiliac joints become relatively limber and the symphysis pubis becomes _________.

A

Pelvic ligaments. Elastic.

53
Q

Protein that aids in the relaxation of joints.

A

Relaxin

54
Q

Type of estrogen during non pregnant reproductive years

A

Estradiol

55
Q

Type of estrogen during pregnancy

A

Estriol

56
Q

Type of estrogen after menopause

A

Estrone

57
Q

Estriol is produced in the

A

Placenta

58
Q

Estradiol is produced in the

A

Ovary

59
Q

Estrone is produced in the

A

Adipose

60
Q

A relaxing hormone. Causes decidual cells to develop in the uterine endometrium for nutrition of the early embryo. Decreases the contractility of the pregnant uterus.

A

Progesterone

61
Q

Increases the secretions of the mother’s fallopian tubes and uterus to provide appropriate nutritive matter for the developing _______. Helps the estrogen prepare the mother’s breast for lactation.

A

Progesterone. Morula.

62
Q

Failure of GB to contract

A

Cholestasis

63
Q

Causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decrease utilization of glucose in the mother, making larger quantities of glucose available for the fetus. In lower animals, partial development of the animal’s breasts and in some instances causes lactation, formerly known as __________. Weak actions similar to those of GH.

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin. Human placental lactogen.

64
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin is secreted by the _____ at about ______. Secretion increases progressively in direct proprotion to the weight of the placenta.

A

Placenta. 5th week.

65
Q

Screening for this must be done after HPL diminishes. Around 24th-28th weeks of gestation.

A

Gestational diabetes

66
Q

4 periods of increase cardiac output: highest peak of cardiac load

A

On 28th week

67
Q

4 periods of increase cardiac output: increased flow to heart from uterine squeezing, increased HR due to labor pains

A

During labor

68
Q

4 periods of increase cardiac output: due to increased venous return

A

Immediately after labor

69
Q

4 periods of increase cardiac output: mobilization of interstitium

A

During 1st week of puerperium

70
Q

Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: ________ BMR by about 15% during the latter half of pregnancy

A

Increased

71
Q

Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: increased ___ - increased BF to placenta

A

Cardiac Output

72
Q

Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: increased minute ventilation - ________ increased respiratory center’s sensitivity to CO2

A

Progesterone

73
Q

Maternal adaptations during pregnancy: increased ____ & ____.

A

RBF & GFR

74
Q

Due to decrease venous return and compressed IVC. Fluid moves to interstitium.

A

Edema

75
Q

Physiologic weight gain during 1st trimester

A

2lbs

76
Q

Physiologic weight gain during 2nd trimester

A

11lbs

77
Q

Physiologic weight gain during 3rd trimester

A

11lbs

78
Q

Birth of the baby. Toward the end of the pregnancy, _____ becomes progressively more excitable. Strong rhythmical contractions that the baby is expelled.

A

Parturition

79
Q

Intense contractions responsible for parturition due to: progressive _________ changes that cause increased excitability of the __________. Progressive _______ changes.

A

Hormonal changes. Uterine musculature. Mechanical.

80
Q

Shorten the duration of labor

A

Oxytocin

81
Q

Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: ________ increases oxytocin receptors. Increases rate of secretion at the time of labor. Labor is prolonged in __________ animals.

A

Uterine muscle. Hypophysectomized.

82
Q

Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: irritation or stretching of the uterine cervix, as occurs during labor, can cause a ________ through the _______ & _______ nuclei of the hypothalamus signals the neurohypophysis to increase secretion.

A

Neurogenic reflex. Paraventricular & Supraoptic.

83
Q

Phases of Parturition: prelude to parturition. From implantation to few weeks before delivery. Longest time. Pregnancy is maintained. Main hormone. And other substances.

A

Phase 0: Quiescence. Progesterone. Prostacyclin, NO & Relaxin “PNR”

84
Q

Main hormone in phase 0. And other substances.

A

Progesterone. Prostacyclin, NO & Relaxin. “PNR”

85
Q

Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: preparation for labor. Last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy. Uterine contraction. Withdrawal of progesterone. No need to maintain pregnancy. Main hormone.

A

Phase 1: Activation. Estrogen.

86
Q

Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: process of labor. Active labor stages 1-3. Main hormone. And other substances.

A

Phase 3: Stimulation. Oxytocin. Histamine, Prostaglandin & Serotonin “HPS”

87
Q

Oxytocin & Uterine contractions: parturient recovery. Puerperium. Maternal recovery from birth. Maternal contribution to infant survival and restoration of fertility. Main hormone.

A

Phase 3: Involution. Oxytocin.

88
Q

Presence of regular contractions that bring about cervical dilatation & effacement.

A

Labor

89
Q

Irritates the cervix

A

Head of the baby

90
Q

Thinning/ripening of the cervix

A

Effacement

91
Q

Opening of the cervix

A

Dilatation

92
Q

Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus

A

Estrogen

93
Q

Stimulate more vigorous contractions of uterus

A

Prostaglandins

94
Q

Stimulates uterus to contract and placenta to make prostaglandins

A

Oxytocin

95
Q

Excites fundic contraction

A

Cervical stretch

96
Q

Pushes the baby down and stretches the cervix some more

A

Fundic contractions

97
Q

Breast development: begins at _______ due to ______ stimulation. Increased during pregnancy due to ______, ______ & ________.

A

Puberty. Estrogen. Estrogen. Progesterone. Prolactin.

98
Q

Secreted by the anterior pituitary, starting from _____ of pregancy until birth, then cycles.

A

Prolactin. 5th week.

99
Q

1st milk, contains same proteins and lactose as milk, but no fat. Has many antibodies for immunity.

A

Colostrum.

100
Q

Stages of labor

A

Stage 1: latent phase “effacement” & active phase “dilatation”, Stage 2: descent and Stage 3: Expulsion

101
Q

Functional division of Stage 1 Latent “Effacement”

A

Preparatory

102
Q

Functional division of Stage 1 Active “Dilatation”

A

Dilatational

103
Q

Functional division of Stages 2 & 3

A

Pelvic

104
Q

Stages of Labor: Begins on onset of regular UC and ends in acceleration of cervical dilatation. Prepares cervix for dilatation.

A

Stage 1: Latent phase “Effacement”

105
Q

Stages of Labor: begins on acceleration of cervical dilatation and ends in full dilatation. Rapid cervical dilatation.

A

Stage 1: Active phase “Dilatation”

106
Q

Stages of Labor: begins during full dilatation and ends to the delivery of baby. Descent of fetus.

A

Stage 2: Descent

107
Q

Stages of Labor: begins in the delivery of baby and ends in the delivery of placenta.

A

Stage 3: Expulsion

108
Q

Initiated by precipitous drop in estrogen and progesterone after delivery. __________ each time mother nurses baby due to nerve impulses from nipples to hypothalamus.

A

Lactation. Prolactin surge.

109
Q

Without nursing stimulation, no prolactin surge, and loss of _________. When not nursing, hypothalamus produces ___________.

A

Milk production. Prolactin inhibitory hormone/Dopamine.

110
Q

Inhibits FSH, LH and thus it also interferes with reproductive function

A

Lactation

111
Q

Suckling reflex stimulates

A

Prolactin & Oxytocin release

112
Q

Milk let down reflex will yield the secretion of

A

Oxytocin to produce milk

113
Q

For milk ejection & uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

114
Q

Basis for oxytocin release

A

Nipple stimulation

115
Q

Stimuli for Oxytocin release

A

Dilatation of cervix, Orgasm & Sucking

116
Q

In males, oxytocin is for contraction of _________ during _______.

A

Vas deferens. Ejaculation.

117
Q

Is influenced by neural and psychogenic factors

A

Sexual arousal

118
Q

Is governed by hormonal and physical changes in the mother and baby

A

Pregnancy

119
Q

Is the process of birthing

A

Parturition

120
Q

Is a physiologic sequelae of pregnancy in mammals, and promotes maternal-fetal bonding

A

Lactation

Physiology (4 decks)

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