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Physiology > Repro: Female Repro > Flashcards

Repro: Female Repro Flashcards

0
Q

GnRH acts via what mechanism

A

IP3 mechanism

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1
Q

Female reproductive system= Gonads (_______) + female reproductive tract (_______,_______,_______,_______ & ______)

A

Ovaries. Vagina, Oviducts, Cervix, Uterus & External genitalia “VOCU E”

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2
Q

GnRH is secreted by the ________ of the hypothalamus into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood.

A

Arcuate nuclei

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3
Q

GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete ____ & ___.

A

FSH & LH.

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4
Q

FSH acts on the _______ to maintain _______.

A

Sertoli cells. Spermatogenesis.

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5
Q

The Sertoli cells also secrete _______, which is involved in negative feedback of FSH secretion.

A

Inhibin

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6
Q

LH acts on the _________ to promote ___________.

A

Leydig cells. Testosterone synthesis.

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7
Q

Puberty is initiated by the onset of ________ release from the hypothalamus -> ___ & __ are in turn secreted in pulsatile fashion -> _____ up regulates its own receptor in the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Pulsatile GnRH. FSH & LH. GnRH.

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8
Q

Ovulation is supressed as long as _____ continues because of the effect of _______.

A

Lactation. Prolactin.

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9
Q

Action of Prolactin: Inhibits hypothalamic ______ secretion.

A

GnRH

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10
Q

Action of Prolactin: Inhibits the action of GnRH on the anterior pituitary gland which then inhibits ___ & ____ secretion.

A

LH & FSH.

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11
Q

Antagonizes the effect of LH and FSH on the ovaries

A

Prolactin

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12
Q

FSH & LH use what mechanisms and secreted where

A

cAMP mechanism. Anterior Pituitary Gland.

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13
Q

Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and synthesis of estrogen and progesterone (ovary)

A

Luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

For steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. Follicular development beyond the ________. Ovulation and luteinization.

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Antral stage.

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15
Q

True/False. FSH, LH & TSH are related structurally.

A

True

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16
Q

Belong to the dame glycoprotein family. With a subunit= ______ and b subunit= ______.

A

FSH, LH & TSH. Identical. Unique.

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17
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis are all derived from

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

Conversion of Cholesterol to Pregnelone is mediated by

A

CYP11A1

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19
Q

Conversion of Androstenadione to Testosterone is mediated by

A

17-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase “17B HSD”

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20
Q

Conversion of testosterone to estradiol is mediated by

A

Aromatase or CYP 19

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21
Q

Conversion of testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is mediated by

A

5-Alpha Reductase

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22
Q

Has both negative and positive feedback effect on FSH & LH secretion.

A

Estrogen

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23
Q

Action of Estrogen: causes ________ & ________ of the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina.

A

Maturation & Maintenance.

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24
Q

Action of Estrogen: causes the development of

A

Female secondary characteristics and breasts at puberty

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25
Q

Action of Estrogen: Up-regulates these receptors

A

LH, Estrogen & Progesterone receptors

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26
Q

Estrogen source in ovary

A

Estradiol

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27
Q

Estrogen source in placenta

A

Estriol

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28
Q

Estrogen source in adipose tissue via ______.

A

Estrone. Aromatization.

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29
Q

Potency of estrogen derivatives

A

Estradiol > Estriol > Estrone

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30
Q

Action of Estrogen: causes proliferation and development of

A

Ovarian granulosa cells

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31
Q

Maintains pregnancy

A

Estrogen & Progesterone

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32
Q

Action of Estrogen: stimulates the _______ (but them blocks the action of the breast)

A

Prolactin

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33
Q

Action of Estrogen: _______ the uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy.

A

Lowers

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34
Q

Has negative feedback on LH & FSH secretion during Luteal phase

A

Progesterone

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35
Q

Action of Progesterone: maintains _______ of the uterus during _________.

A

Secretory activity. Luteal phase.

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36
Q

Action of Progesterone: _______ the uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy.

A

Raises

37
Q

Action of Progesterone: participates in development of

A

Breasts

38
Q

Number of oocytes at birth

A

2 million

39
Q

Number of follicles at onset of puberty

A

400,000

40
Q

Remaining follicles are depleted at a rate of ______ per month until age ___.

A
  1. 35.
41
Q

After 35y/o, the rate becomes

A

Faster

42
Q

____ follicles are normally released during reproductive life = _____ opportunities of pregnancy.

A
  1. 400.
43
Q

99.9% of follicles undergo ______ via _____.

A

Atresia. Apoptosis.

44
Q

Primary oocytes begin Meiosis I during ________ and complete Meiosis I just before _________.

A

Fetal life. Ovulation.

45
Q

Meiosis begins but level of proteins required for completion of meiosis are too _____. Oocyte arrests at ________. This happens for years until ______.

A

Low. Prophase I. Ovulation.

46
Q

Oogenesis flow

A

Fetus -> Puberty -> Fertilization

47
Q

As the oocyte grows, it synthesizes enough proteins (_____, _______) to complete meiosis but high ____ levels actively maintain arrest.

A

CDK 1. Cyclin. cAMP.

48
Q

Primary oocyte is meiotically _______ but ______.

A

Competent. Arrested.

49
Q

A few hours ______ ovulation, oocyte completes meiosis I and meiosis II is arrested at metaphase II until _______.

A

After. Fertilization.

50
Q

If fertilization doesn’t occur within 1 day. What will happen

A

Secondary oocyte degenerates

51
Q

More constant phase in menstrual cycle

A

Luteal/Secretory phase

52
Q

What happens to the endometrium during luteal phase

A

It thickens

53
Q

Low levels of progesterone leads to

A

Bleeding

54
Q

Approximately how many days do secretory phase persists

A

14 days

55
Q

Are muscular tubes with the distal ends close to the surface of each ovary and the proximal ends traversing to the wall of the uterus

A

Oviducts

56
Q

Other term for oviducts

A

Uterine/Fallopian tubes

57
Q

4 sections of the oviducts from distal to proximal

A

Infundibulum+fimbriae, Ampulla, Isthmus & Intramural/Uterine segment “IAII”

58
Q

Part of the oviduct where fertilization occurs. Site for sperm storage. And secrete fluids the provide __________ to preimplantation embryo.

A

Ampullary-Isthmus junction. Nutritional support.

59
Q

Is a single organ that sits in the midline of the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the rectum.

A

Uterus

60
Q

Innermost layer of the uterus. Mucosa.

A

Endometrium

61
Q

Middle layer of the uterus. Three layered. Thick Muscularis layer.

A

Myometrium

62
Q

Outermost layer of the uterus. Outer connective tissue and serosa.

A

Perimetrium

63
Q

Part of the uterus which is the portion that rises superiorly from the entrance of the oviducts

A

Fundus

64
Q

Makes up most of the uterus

A

Body of uterus

65
Q

Part of uterus which is a short-narrowed part of the body at its inferior end

A

Isthmus

66
Q

About 2/3 of the _______ side of the endometrium is lost during menstruation and is called

A

Luminal. Stratum functionalis/functional zone

67
Q

The ______ third of the endometrium that remains after menstruation is called

A

Basal. Stratum basale/basal zone

68
Q

The basal zone is fed by _______ that are separated from the ______, and it contains all the cell types of the endometrium. Enumerate.

A

Straight arteries. Spiral arteries. Stromal cells, Epithelial cells from remaining tips of glands & Endothelial cells. “SEE”

69
Q

The endocervical canal is lined by __________ that secretes cervical mucus in a hormonally responsive manner.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

70
Q

Stimulates the production of a scant, viscous, slightly acidic mucus that is hostile to sperm.

A

Progesterone.

71
Q

Stimulates the production of a copious quantity of thin, watery, slightly alkaline mucus that is an ideal environment for sperm.

A

Estrogen

72
Q

During the normal menstrual cycle, the conditions of the cervical mucosa are ideal for _________ and viability at the time of _______.

A

Sperm penetration. Ovulation.

73
Q

The _______ of the vaginal epithelium are continually desquamating, and the nature of these cells is influenced by the hormonal environment.

A

Superficial cells

74
Q

Stimulates the proliferation of vaginal epithelium and increases its glycogen content.

A

Estrogen

75
Q

In vagina, the glycogen is metabolized to _______ by commensal lactobacilli, thereby maintaining an _____ environment. This inhibits infection by _________ & _______.

A

Lactic acid. Acidic. Noncommensal bacteria & Fungi.

76
Q

Increases the desquamation of epithelial cells

A

Progesterone

77
Q

Is required for the closure of the epiphyseal plates of long bones in both sexes

A

Estrogen

78
Q

Promotes the survival of osteoblasts and apoptosis of osteoclasts, thereby favoring bone formation over resorption. What effect

A

Estrogen. Bone Anabolic effect.

79
Q

Stimulates intestinal Ca absorption. What effect

A

Estrogen. Calciotrophic.

80
Q

Its overall effect on the liver is to improve circulating lipoproteins. Increases expression of ____ receptors thereby increasing clearance of __________ particles by the liver. Increases circulating levels of _____.

A

Estradiol-17B. LDL. Cholesterol-rich LDL. HDL.

81
Q

Promotes vasodilation through increase production of ____ which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and inhibits ________ activation.

A

Estrogen. NO. Platelet.

82
Q

Have less significantly cardiovascular disease than men or postmenopausal women do.

A

Premenopausal women

83
Q

Maintain a healthy, smooth skin with normal epidermal and dermal thickness. Stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of ________.

A

Progesterone & Estrogen. Keratinocytes.

84
Q

Progesterone & Estrogen increase ______ synthesis and inhibit the breakdown of it by suppressing matrix _________.

A

Collagen. Metalloproteinases.

85
Q

Progesterone and Estrogen increases ________ production and deposition in the dermis and promotes _________.

A

Glycosaminoglycans. Wound healing.

86
Q

Is neuroprotective, it inhibits neuronal cell death in response to hypoxia or other insults. Could be explained by positive effects on ________.

A

Estrogen. Angiogenesis.

87
Q

Increase the set point of thermoregulation, thereby elevating body temp approximately 0.5’F. Basis for using body temp measurements to determine whether ________ has occurred.

A

Progesterone. Ovulation.

88
Q

Is a CNS depressant.

A

Progesterone

89
Q

Loss of progesterone on demise of the corpus luteum of menstruation is the basis for

A

Premenstrual dysphoria/Syndrome PMS

90
Q

Decreases adipose tissue by decreasing ________ activity and increasing hormone sensitive lipase. It has lipolytic effect.

A

Estrogen. Lipoprotein lipase.

91
Q

Loss of estrogen results in

A

Accumulation of adipose tissue especially in the abdomen

Physiology (4 decks)

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