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Reproduction > Repro Physiology > Flashcards

Repro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs in the ovaries?

A

Contain ovarian follicles-oogenesis-release of mature egg

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2
Q

What happens in the fallopian tubes?

A

Egg pick up happens & fertilisation occurs

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3
Q

What is the structure of the ovaries and what are these 3 layers made up of?

A

Surface- connective tissue capsule covered with layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

Cortex- peripheral part, connective tissue containing ovarian follicles (one oocyte surrounded by single layer of cells)-Primordial follicle pool=makes up egg reserve

Medulla- central part, connective tissue with blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A
  • Oocyte production
  • Steroid hormone production (oestrogen & Progesterone & Testosterone)
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5
Q

How many eggs are released per menstrual cycle & how many are ovulates during life?

A

One mature egg per menstrual cycle, around 400 ovulated during entire reproductive lifespan (Ovarian reserve is fixed & thought to be determined at birth)

Majority of eggs perish during the cycle

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6
Q

Is there an infinite number of eggs?

A

NO, finite number of eggs, declines with increasing age (starts ~30 years old)

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7
Q

What are the roles of:
1. Oestrogen
2. Progesterone
3. Testosterone?

A
  1. Develops female secondary sexual characters
  2. Prepares endometrium for implantation
  3. Has important functions of maintaining the female sexual function (50% of testosterone produced by ovaries before menopause)
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8
Q

When does primordial germ cell mitosis occur?

A

In foetal life only

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9
Q

Until when are primordial follicles arrested in the stage of first meiotic division?

A

Until puberty

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10
Q

First meiotic division complete & second division starts after puberty: This leads to what?

A

Release of one secondary oocyte in a menstrual cycle which is capable of fertilisation

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11
Q

When does second meiotic division completes?

A

After fertilisation of oocyte with sperm

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12
Q

Germ cells (oogonia) mitotically divide into what?

A

Primordial germ cells

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13
Q

What is the normal complement of chromosomes in any human cells?

A

46 chromosomes

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14
Q

How many follicles are selected?

A

Only dominant follicle selected & will ovulate- rest will perish

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15
Q

What is the difference between primordial follicles & primary follicle?

A

Primordial follicles- primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic division surrounded by one layer of squamous pre granulosa cells.

Primary follicle- oocyte surrounded by zona and cuboidal granulosa cells

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16
Q

What is the secondary follicle?

A

Secondary follicle- increased oocyte diameter and multiple layer of granulosa cells, resumption of first meiotic division

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17
Q

What is the tertiary/Graffian folliclE?

A

Follicular fluid between the cells which coalesce to form antrum, completion of first meiotic division to form secondary oocyte and start of second meiotic division.

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18
Q

What is antrum & what is secondary oocyte & follicle?

A

Antrum=fluid filled space surrounding the egg

Follicle=Layer of cells containing the egg

Secondary oocyte=mature egg

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19
Q

What is the endocrine control of female reproductive axis called?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

20
Q

Hormone release controls what in the ovary & uterus?

A

Ovarian cycles within the ovary & the menstrual cycle within the uterus

21
Q

Positive feedback only helps mid cycle: What is this responsible for?

A

Responsible for ovulation

22
Q

Endometrium is ..?.. in the first day of menstruation because of ..?..

A

THIN

BLEEDING

23
Q

What is decidualisation?

A

Changes to the endometrium in prep for pregnancy

24
Q

What does oestrogen do to the endometrium?

A

Causes thickening of the endometrium

25
Q

What does progesterone secretion do to the endometrium?

A

Causes changes in blood vessels within the endometrium & also adds to the thickness & increases secretory changes in the endometrium

26
Q

What happens at the end of the 28 days if pregnancy does not result?

A

Menstruation sets in and a new cycle starts

27
Q

What is the process of sperm production called?

A

Spermatogenesis

28
Q

Why is testicular temp<body temp?

A

To facilitate sperm production

29
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Storage site for sperm (remains there for ~3 months)

30
Q

What structures are responsible for semen production?

A

Seminal vesicles & prostate create the fluid (that mixes with sperm in the urethra)

31
Q

What is the fibrous capsule around the testis called?

A

Tunica Albuginea

32
Q

Where is the site of sperm production?

A

Seminiferous Tubules

33
Q

What can generally change during pregnancy?

A

Mechanical
Metabolism-anabolic then quickly becomes catabolic to allow nutrient supply to foetus
Fatigue – particularly early pregnancy
Heartburn/reflux
Oedema
Breasts
Thyroid
General state of immunosuppression
Weight gain

Insulin resistance- almost 2 x increase in insulin

Triglyceride breakdown increases- can get starvation Ketoacidosis – within 24-48 hrs can become very acidotic when pregnant and this happens
DKA very dangerous in preg can result in IUD

BMR doubles in preg

34
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Gestational diabetes=insulin resistance & hyperglycaemia of pregnancy – more likely to develop T2DM (should be checked once a year-mitigate risk with lifestyle factors)

35
Q

Do you get oedema in pregnancy?

A

70-80% get oedema- physiological mostly but can be indicative of pathology such as pre-eclampsia (High BP, oedema & proteinuria)

36
Q

What significant changes occur in the first trimester in the cardiovascular system?

A

Increased circulating BV-50-70%

SVR falls – maximal at 20-32 wks

Increased blood flow

Increased CO (40%), SV increases (SVxHR= CO)

Increased HR

In supine position – 25% reduction in CO

Increased O2 consumption

Prostacyclins –systemic vascular resistance

37
Q

..1.. tends to drop in middle trimester & then rise-those who don’t drop are more inclined to be the ones to have ..2..

A

1) BP
2) pre-eclampsia

38
Q

What are the intrapartum CV changes that occur?

A

Autotransfusion of contractions
Pain – increasing catecholamines
CO increases by 10% in labour and by 80% in 1st post delivery hr

39
Q

What are the postpartum CV changes that occur (BV, BP, SVR, HR & CO)?

A

Return to normal by 3 mths (mostly)

Blood volume decreases by 10% 3 days post delivery

BP initially falls then increases again days 3-7(pre preg levels by 6 wks)

SVR increase over first 2 wks to 30% above delivery levels

HR returns to pre preg over 2 weeks

CO increases by up to 80% 1st hr post delivery then continues to fall over the next 24 weeks

40
Q

What are the respiratory changes that occur?

A

Significant increase in oxygen demand (20%)
40-50% increase in minute ventilation
Increased respiratory rate
Increased tidal volume

Decreased functional residual capacity
PEFR and FEV1 unchanged
PCO2 ↓

Placenta is foetus’s resp system
Diaphragm moves up & thoracic circumference increases- May get splaying of lower ribs

Acid base balance changes-CO2 will be increased & PO2 tends to sit higher
02Hg dissociation curve shifts to the right- decreased affinity for oxygen

41
Q

Where is the dramatic dilation of the urinary collecting system more pronounced?

A

On the RIGHT

42
Q

What are some renal system changes ?

A

Increased renal plasma flow – 60-80% by end of second trimester
GFR ↑ and creatinine clearance increases by up to 50%
Protein excretion increased

Microscopic haematuria may be present
80% women develop oedema
Glycosuria common
Urate ↑ with increasing gestation

Urea ↓, creatinine ↓

Microscopic haematuria can be the result of progesterone

Urethra shortens so more risk of UTI also harder to empty bladder as easily

43
Q

What does plasma volume increase in relation to?

A

Birthweight

44
Q

What are the haematological changes that occur in preg?

A

↓ hg, hcrit, rcc

↓ platelet count

2-3 fold increase in requirement for iron

WCC increases
Hypercoaguable

No change MCV nor MCHC

45
Q

What does folic acid reduce the risk of?

A

Conditions like spina bifida

(10 -20 fold increase in folate requirements in preg)

Reproduction (17 decks)

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