Repro I

Question 1

sonic hedgehog

Answer 1

patterning A/P direction

CNS - mutation holoprosencephaly

Question 2

WNT-7 gene

Answer 2

at apical ectoderm ridge
-development alongs dorsal ventral axis

of limbs

Question 3

FGF gene

Answer 3

apical ectoderm ridge

stimulate mitosis underlying mesoderm
-for lengthening of limb

Question 4

Hox gene

Answer 4

hmoeobox

segmental organization in embryo
code transcription factors

mutation - appendage wrong location

Question 5

early fetal development

Answer 5

day 0 - fertilization - form zygote
week 1 - hCG secretion begin after implant
week 2 - bilaminar disc form - epiblast/hypoblast
week 3 - trilaminar disc - 3 layers
-primitive streak, notochord, mesodem - neural plate forms
week 4 - 8 - neural tube formed and closes
-organogenesis begins
-susceptible to teratogens

week 4 - heart beat
-upper and lower limb buds form
week 6 - fetal cardiac acivity - seen by U/S
week 10 - genitalia male/female

Question 6

gastrulation

Answer 6

forms trilaminar embryo disc

establish ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

start epiblast invagination to form primitive streak

Question 7

ectoderm

Answer 7

surface ectoderm
neuroectoderm
neural crest

Question 8

surface ectoderm

Answer 8

epidermis
adenohypophysis
lens of eye
epithelial lining oral cavity
sense organs of ear
olfactory epithelium
epidermis
anal canal below pectinate
parotid, sweat, mammary gland

Question 9

neuroectoderm

Answer 9

brain - CNS neuron, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland

neurohypophysis
retina
optic nerve
spinal cord

Question 10

neural crest

Answer 10

PNS - dorsal root ganglia, CN, celiac ganglion, schwann cells
ANS
melanocytes
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
parafollicular cells of thyroid
pia and arachnoid
bones of skull
odontoblasts
aorticopulmonary septum

Question 11

mesoderm

Answer 11

muscle
bone 
CT
serous linings
spleen**
CV structure
lymph
blood
wall gut tube
vagina
kidney
adrenal cortex
dermis
testes
ovaries

Question 12

notochord

Answer 12

induce ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate)

derivative - nucleus pulposus

Question 13

endoderm

Answer 13

gut tube epithelium
urethra
luminal epithelial derivatives
-lung, liver, gallbaldder, pancreas, eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells

Question 14

agenesis

Answer 14

absent primordial tissue

Question 15

aplasia

Answer 15

primordial tissue - but absent organ

Question 16

deformation

Answer 16

extrinsic disruption

Question 17

disruption

Answer 17

2ndary breakdown previously normal tissue

Question 18

malformation

Answer 18

intrinsic disruption - during week 3-8

Question 19

sequence

Answer 19

abnormality from single embryo event

Question 20

teratogens

Answer 20

most susceptible - 3-8 weeks

before week 3 - all or none
after week 8 - altered growth/function

Question 21

ACE I

Answer 21

teratogen - renal damage

Question 22

alkylating agent

Answer 22

teratogen - absent digits, multiple anomalies

Question 23

CN 8 toxicity teratogen

Answer 23

aminoglycoside

Question 24

facial dysmorphism, develop delay, neural tube defect, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia teratogen

Answer 24

carbamazepine

Question 25

vaginal clear cell carcinoma teratogen

Answer 25

DES - diethylstilbestrol - estrogen

Question 26

severe birth defect teratogen - mandatory contraception

Answer 26

isotretinoin

Question 27

ebstein anomaly

Answer 27

lithium teratogen

Question 28

aplasia cutis congenita teratogen

Answer 28

methimazole

Question 29

fetal hydantoin syndrome - cleft palate, cardiac defect, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia

Answer 29

due to phenytoin

Question 30

limb defect teratogen - flipper limb

Answer 30

thalidomide

phocomelia and micromelai - flipper

Question 31

inhibit maternal folate absorption

Answer 31

valproate

neural tube defect

Question 32

bone deform, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic abnormal teratogen

Answer 32

warfarin

Question 33

abnormal fetal growth, fetal addiction, placental abruption

Answer 33

cocaine

Question 34

low birth weight, preterm labor, placental problem, IUGR, ADHD

Answer 34

smoking during pregnancy

nicotine - vasoconstriciton
CO - impaired O2 delivery

Question 35

cretinism

Answer 35

congenital goiter

iodine lack of excess

Question 36

caudal regression syndrome

Answer 36

anal atresia to sirenomelia
congenital heart defect
neural tube defect

maternal diabetes

Question 37

vit A excess during pregnancy

Answer 37

risk spontaneous abortion

birth defect

Question 38

X-ray during pregnancy

Answer 38

microcephaly

intellectual disability

Question 39

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 39

retardation
microcephaly
facial abnormalities
limb dislocation
heart defect
heart lung fistula
holoprosencephaly - severe

failure of cell migration