Repro Histo Flashcards
IgG transport to fetus
- IgG does get across during the 3rd trimester when the receptor for Ig is made by the syncitiotrophoblast
- Syncitiotrophoblasts grab the antibodies and transports them to the other side by trans-cytosis
- Child is born with the full complement of the mother’s antibodies
- Protects it for the first 2-3 months of life until it makes its own antibody
ejaculatory duct
epithelium of cervix
- Cervix has simple columnar epithelium with a lot of glands secreting mucus into the cervical canal
- Pap smears taking at the transition zone between the simple columnar epithelium of the cervix and the stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina
testes
Primary spermatocyte.
maternal side of the placenta
•Note the branching of the “bushy” villi (a lot of surface area) that are used for good exchange with the maternal circulation
testes
LABYRINTH-like, simple cuboidal epithelium
rete testis
testes
spermatozoa
3 layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
Secondary or antral follicle
efferent ductules
remnant of mesonephric duct
cellular change?
The simple columnar epithelium is changing via metaplasia to stratified squamous epithelium over a broad area. Will there be more of less mucus secretion in areas of metaplasia? Less!
placenta:
maternal
placenta
Placenta
- Placenta will be divided into around 20 caudal regions that are separated by connective tissue that comes up from the maternal side
- Note the anchoring villus and branches
- Maternal blood (arrow) will come in on the outside of the villi and percolate around at a very sluggish pace (replenished every 2-3 minutes)
- Nutrients can then exchange with the fetal blood vessels that will go out into the umbilicus and to the fetus
- Maternal veins will drain the area
- Maternal and fetal circulations are generally pretty separated by the syncitiotrophoblasts
____________________
placenta:
fetal
mammry gland
Myoepithelial cell
stratum basalis
•Stratum basalis is basically staying the same and stains more darkly in H&E (also more cellular)
•corpus albicans
At 10 days after ovulation, LH levels will have fallen so much in the bloodstream that it can no longer maintain the corpus luteum
- No longer will make hormones
- Corpus luteum will degenerate completely, undergoing atresia
- Cells lose their nuclei
- Macrophages migrate in and start to digest them away
- Note the “acellular”-like and whitish appearance of the now called corpus albicans
- Note the one that has even degenerated further
ovary:
This is “rubber band” shape of a degenerating oocyte and its zona pellucida within an atretic follicle.
Myometrium: smooth muscle of the uterus.
uterus:
Endometrium: endometrial glands and stroma. Stratum functionalis. This layer will build up with Estrogen stimulation.
first meiotic division
- After the LH surge, roughly 36 hours after, ovulation occurs
- Ovulation is preceded by the first mitotic division, but not the second one
- Oocytes have been stuck in the first mitotic division since fetal life
- Factors produced by the near-by follicular granulosa cells are present that allow for only the first mitotic division to occur but prevent the second one from occurring
- After the first division, ovulation occurs
- Immediately following ovulation, there is dissolution of basement membrane and invasion of the theca interna and externa along with their vascular supply into the granulosa portion of the follicle themselves
- This is part of the process in the formation of the corpus luteum
vagina
stratified squamou epithelium
corpus luteum:
Theca lutein cells.
theca are dark stringy ones, granulosa are blobby ones
stratum functionalis in the proliferative phase
•endoetrium
In the proliferative phase (left images), there is an epithelium and long and straight glands that go down to the basalis layer
graafian (pre-ovulatory) follicle
Pre-ovulatory (Graafian) Follicle
- Note granulosa cells on the outside (stratum granulosum)
- Note oocyte
- Stalk of granulosa cells called the cumulus oophorus that holds it to the wall
- Granulosa cells surround the oocyte called corona radiata (exported with the oocyte at the time of ovulation)
- Antrum is filling up with substances needed for the oocyte to undergo ovulation
- Includes proteases: Plasminogen Activator (PA) (recall from blood clotting)
- Plasminogen à Plasmin
- Plasmin helps make clot and is involved in the digestion of the wall so that the oocyte can exit
- Outside of the follicle is a basal lamina
- Outside of that are the theca cells, divided into 2 parts: theca interna and theca externa
vagina:
Glands are not present in the vagina. Would you then expect more adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas of the vagina? Squamous cell!
placenta:
Syncytiotrophoblasts
primordial follicle histo
- Primoridal follicles have a single layer of follicular cells surrounding a large oocyte
- Follicular cells are flat (simple squamous epithelium)
Colostrum
- Colostrum is a protein-rich fat-poor milk that is initially what the newborn will suckle on after birth
- Important because initially it is difficult for the infant to digest fat and it is a laxative
- After the placenta is gone, the estrogen and progesterone levels drop
- Causes the milk to become lipid-rich and full of other substances (calcium and other ions)
- Proteins are made by the conventional secretory pathway (merocrine fashion)
- Lipids are secreted in a apocrine fashion: lipid droplets pinch off the apical surface
- Transport of ions across by transporters
- Transport of IgA primarily by plasma cells that cross the epithelium by transcytosis (some IgG as well)
stratum functionalis vs stratum basalis
endometrium
- Stratum functionalis undergoes the changes every month
- Stratum basalis is basically staying the same and stains more darkly in H&E (also more cellular)
theca interna
- Theca interna cells are steroid-producing
- Note how they appear “plump” and how empty their cytoplasm is (yellow oval)
- Suggests that it has lots of lipid in its cytoplasm as precursors for secreting androstenedione and a little testosterone
- Androstendione production is under the influence of LH
- Don’t need an LH surge as LH is always there to some extent
- Androstendione can be converted into estrogen by the granulosa cells under the influence of FSH (also important for the growth of the follicle)
syncitiotrophoblasts
sep maternal and fetal circulation
•As the syncitiotrophoblasts go across, they will be followed by cytotrophoblasts that will actually invade into the maternal part (blue box)
The cells of the cytotrophoblast are actually the ones that make contact with the maternal vestigial cells
Syncitiotrophoblast
(giant multinucleated)
is the barrier
- prevents proteins
and pathogens from
crossing placenta
- exceptions include
Infectious agents
(Rubella,
Cytomegalovirus,
Varicella, Measles
Viruses,
Toxoplasma
gondii, Syphilis)
seminal vesicle
Theca interna cell secreting androstenedione.
Yes; elongated cell with long ovoid nucleus.
ovary:
Germinal epithelium, part of the mesothelium of the peritoneal cavity.
ampulla
- Inside lumen (3) in the ampulla region will have a convoluted appearance with nooks and crannies for sperm to hang out
- Oocyte will need to make its way down to the next sites (isthmus 2 and then intramural segment 1), which have fewer of those “branches”
•Fertilization occurs in the ampulla
- After ovulation, it takes a few hours to get down into the ampulla-isthmus junction, where the egg will hang out for about 24 hours (where fertilization normally occurs)
- Sperm has to make their way up the oviduct to there
- Sperm can live up to a week there
This is a multilamina primary follicle.
ureter
This is a primordial follicle. Note the single layer of flattened cells surrounding the oocyte.
cumulus oophous
•Stalk of granulosa cells called the cumulus oophorus that holds it to the wall
zona pellucida
epithelium of vagina
Vagina
- Vagina has non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Empty / clear appearance due to stores of glycogen
- Wall is made of smooth muscle in 2 layers below
testes
Leydig cells
mammary gland
what type of endometrium is this?
At low zoom, you can appreciate the coiled nature of the secretory endometrium.
It is partly a result of proliferation of the endometrial glands.
stigma
ovulation
- Note the stigma stick out from the surface of the ovary
- Easy for gynecologists who want to collect eggs for in vitro fertilization
- Oocytes stick at the edge of the stigma (circle) because the follicular fluid has sticky glycosaminoglycans in it
- Important because will get an effective capture into the oviduct
- The event is induced by LH
- Oocyte and cells surrounding it (corona radiata) will be ovulated
stem villus
- Initially the invasion will go completely from one side to the other, forming an anchoring villus (or stem villus)
- As the syncitiotrophoblasts go across, they will be followed by cytotrophoblasts that will actually invade into the maternal part (blue box)
- The cells of the cytotrophoblast are actually the ones that make contact with the maternal vestigial cells
- The stem villus will send out a tremendous number of processes
- Within each of the braches and villi, there will be the development of fetal blood vessels from the extraembryonic mesoderm which come along with it
2 layers of the endometrium
- Need to distinguish between the 2 major layers of endometrium: stratum basalis and stratum functionalis
- Stratum functionalis undergoes the changes every month
- Stratum basalis is basically staying the same and stains more darkly in H&E (also more cellular)
No, the stratum basalis does not respond to progesterone withdrawal.
Tunica Albuginea.
prostate
basal cell
tunica albiginea
- , the dense connective tissue layer is called the tunica albiginea
- At this point, the oocyte would have to penetrate both the tunica albiginea and the germinal epithelium to be ovulated
- Note some of the follicles (red circle)
- Note the big pre-ovulatory follicle that is very large compared to the small follicles
mammary gland
Leydig cells
testes
Androgen binding protein, Sertoli cell.
- Early secretory phase (left image) with the glands that have started to change their shape but do not have much product
- Late secretory phase (right image) with a lot of secretory product and the “scalloped” appearance of the glands
theca externa
•Theca externa consists of myofibroblasts that contract at the time of ovulation to help force the oocyte out
The theca externa is the outer layer of the theca folliculi. It is derived from connective tissue, the cells resembling fibroblasts, and contains abundantcollagen.[1] During ovulation, the surge in luteinizing hormone increases cAMP which increases progesterone and PGF2α production. The PGF2α induces the contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the theca externa, increasing intrafollicular pressure. This aids in rupture of the mature oocyte, or immature oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage in the canine, along with plasmin and collagenase degradation of the follicle wall.
placenta
decidua (maternally derived)
where does fertilization take place?
••Inside lumen (3) in the ampulla region will have a convoluted appearance with nooks and crannies for sperm to hang out
Fertilization occurs in the ampulla
- After ovulation, it takes a few hours to get down into the ampulla-isthmus junction, where the egg will hang out for about 24 hours (where fertilization normally occurs)
- Sperm has to make their way up the oviduct to there
- Sperm can live up to a week there
what is this cell
cytotrophoblast
corpus luteum
fetal side of the placenta
•Fetal side usually has a smooth layer while the maternal side is usually ruptured from the uterine wall after birth (often see pools of blood and irregular surface)
4 parts of oviduct
•Oviduct consists of 4 parts: Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural portion
pre-menstrual
Ischemic Phase
- There is a lot of edema and pooling of blood
- Not a lot of sloughing off yet
- Spinal arteries contract that cause hypoxia of endothelial cells, which become leaky and cause the edema
- The cells will degenerate completely to allow for blood to pool in the stroma
concretions
tubuloalveolar glands
Mammary Gland
- Consists of 15 lobes that empty into lactiferous ducts, which come out at the nipple
- Each of these lobes branch into lobules, which have tubuloalveolar glands that make milk
- Development of the mammary gland happens during pregnancy
- Normal it is dormant, consisting of only ducts
- At gestation, there is proliferation to form the tubuloalveolar structures
- After pregnancy is over, it goes back to a duct-like system
- This is all under the influences of hormones like progesterone and estrogen and other hormones
penile urethra
oxytocin
In response to suckling Oxytocin is released from post pituitary and causes myoepithelial cells to contract which forces milk into the ducts
Estrogen and progesterone cause physical development of breast during pregnancy but their presence also supresses effects of prolactin
After birth the drop in progesterone and estrogen due to loss of placenta allows prolactin to work again and milk comes in
Prolactin inhibits GnRH secretion from hypothalamus and FSH and LH by pituitary which is why breastfeeding is a somewhat effective method of birth control
ovary:
primordial follicle
testes
Yes; elongated cell with long ovoid nucleus.
endometrium in the secretory phase
- Changes in glands and cells (middle portion of right image)
- More contorted and spiral glands
- Cells accumulate glycogen at the bottom which pushes nuclei up towards the apex
- In late secretory phase (right portion of right image), when there is a lot of product being put it into the glands, the nuclei will move back down and the glycogen will move up and be extruded through the apical process into the lumen of the uterine glands
epithelium of the ampulla
•Note convoluted region (present throughout) of the ampulla
•Simple columnar epithelium
- Most cells are ciliated and called ciliated cells
- Basal bodies underneath the cilia
- Cells budging into the lumen are called peg cells
- Peg cells secrete substances and fluid into the lumen while ciliated cells beat and move things along (more or less around the time of ovulation)
vagina:
stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina
plasmin in the follicle
- Antrum is filling up with substances needed for the oocyte to undergo ovulation
- Includes proteases: Plasminogen Activator (PA) (recall from blood clotting)
- Plasminogen à Plasmin
- Plasmin helps make clot and is involved in the digestion of the wall so that the oocyte can exit
Stratum functionalis will slough partly as a result of spiral arteries constriction due to lack of continued progresterone levels.
Malignant prostate gland
Prostatic adenocarcinoma. Notice the lack of corpora amylacea, basal cells and interveining muscular stroma.
Granulosa cells
Early Secondary (Antral) Follicle
- Characterized by an antrum, a cavity that forms within the follicular cells that are renamed granulosa cells
- Cells start secreting material into that cavity that include glycosaminoglycans
- Glycosaminoglycans are sticky and accumulate in fixation
- Still has oocyte with zona pullcida around it
Late Secondary (Antral) Follicle
- There is a larger antrum
- Even more layers of proliferation in secondary phase
Epididymis
Here you see pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia.
stratum functionalis in the ischemic phase
•During the ischemic phase (right images), there are pools of blood within the functionalis layer in a very irregular shape as it starts to slough off and the cells are dying at this point
mammary gland:
milk
corpus albicans
- At 10 days after ovulation, LH levels will have fallen so much in the bloodstream that it can no longer maintain the corpus luteum
- No longer will make hormones
- Corpus luteum will degenerate completely, undergoing atresia
- Cells lose their nuclei
- Macrophages migrate in and start to digest them away
- Note the “acellular”-like and whitish appearance of the now called corpus albicans
- Note the one that has even degenerated further
changes in synctiotrophoblasts
- Villi undergo changes with gestation
- Initially, layer of syncitiotrophoblast on top and a layer of cytotrophoblast underneath and then blood vessels inside
- At the end of gestation, the syncitiotrophoblast layer is very thin and the blood vessels are right underneath the syncitiotrophoblasts and there are very few cytotrophoblasts because not making more syncitiotrophoblasts
Low Power Electron Micrograph of Primary Follicle (Multi-layered)
- Oocyte has undergone changes as well
- Follicular cells (even in the primordial stage) have had contacts with the oocyte
- Contacts are important because the follicular cells are responsible for keeping the oocytes stuck in the prophase of the first mitotic division
- There are factors that make the oocytes stuck there by preventing the cyclins from working
- Inhibitory factors (no sure what they are) are produced by the follicular cells
- If take oocyte out in vitro, it will start to undergo mitosis
placenta:
fetal
endometrium after menstruation
- No blood pools so not during menstruation / No epithelium up top either
- So this is just after menstruation when only the stratum basalis is left
- Stem cells in the bottom of the glands will start growing and cover this layer and form an epithelium
- Stromal cells proliferate and blood vessels will be regenerating and proliferating
This is a primary follicle. Note the single layer of cuboidal follicular cells surrounding the oocyte.
testes
Early Spermatid.
(a) The diagram shows two large, columnar Sertoli cells with their surfaces binding many germ cells in various stages of spermatogenesis. Near the basement membrane are spermatogonia, which divide by mitosis to produce both more spermatogonia and also primary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spermatids that differentiate as sperm. Newly formed spermatocytes temporarily disassemble the tight junctions between Sertoli cells that act as the “blood-testis barrier” in order to move from the basal compartment to the adluminal compartment of the tubule.
(b) Spermiogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which spermatids become sperm. The major changes that occur during spermiogenesis are shown here. These involve flattening of the nucleus, formation of an acrosome that resembles a large lysosome, growth of a flagellum (tail) from the basal body, reorganization of the mitochondria in the midpiece region, and shedding of unneeded cytoplasm.
menstruation
sloughing of functionalis layer
tesis
early spermatids
Granulosa lutein cel
corpus luteum histo
Corpus Luteum (left image)
- Note the corpus luteum’s highly convoluted appearance, fibrin clot in the center, and the bleeding and blood vessel leakage (that allow for the clot formation)
- Invasion of theca cells (arrows) into the follicle itself
Higher Magnification (right image)
- Blood vessels migrating in
- Can distinguish the theca cells (TLC) from the granulosa cells (GLC) because the granulosa cells become even “plumper” (very pink staining) than they were before whereas the theca cells will be smaller and more densely stained
•Key point: theca cells and granulosa cells are still making the same steroid hormones they made before, which is predominantly progesterone (occuring roughly 10 days after ovulation)
myometrium
- Uterus has huge muscle layer called the myometrium
- Myometrium has 3 layers that are indistinguishable because they are at different angle
- Myometrium needs to stretch during pregnancy and then contract after that to cause parturition (or birth)
- Myometrial cells proliferate and grow to accommodate this in addition to laying down more ECM (extracellular matrix) to strengthen itself
- Cells become 10x longer than they normally are (50 um to 500 um)
After birth, they go back to normal
stratum functionalis
•Stratum functionalis undergoes the changes every month
endometrium in the proliferative phase
Proliferative Phase
- Long straight glands coming up from the basal layer (yellow gland in left image)
- Blood supply to this area is through spiral arteries (truly spiral) that are branched off radial arteries
- Spiral arteries send off branches to the surface that form lacunae in capillary beds
zona pellucida
- The oocyte is surrounded by the zona pellucida, which is an acellular ECM-like matrix made up of 3 major proteins: ZP1, ZP2, ZP3
- They are glycoproteins involved in the sperm reception
- The sperm have to penetrate the zona pellucida
vagina
placenta
Spiral arterioles. These arteries will constrict if they do not recieve progesterone. This will result if fertilization does not occur and the corpus luteum will degenerate.
mammary gland:
A mammary alveolus
oviduct changes with ovulation
- There are major changes in the oviduct epithelium with the ovulatory cycle
- If no estrogen present, see very few ciliated cells and not many peg cells either
•Flat epithelium
•After estrogen is present, epithelium becomes more columnar and cells start to develop cilia
•Ciliated cells become taller
•Peg cells grow higher
•At the time of mid-cycle, the ciliated cells become even longer (taller than the peg cells) and start beating
primary follicles histo
- When follicles are activated, they become primary follicles
- The distinguishing feature of primary follicles is that the follicular cells are cuboidal and begin to proliferate
- After there is a single layer of cuboidal cells, they will proliferate to many layers (multi-layered up to 6 layers of cells before they reach the next stage as secondary follicle)
myoid
prostatic acini
endometrium stratum functionalis in the secretory phase
•During the secretory phase (middle images), the glands become spiral (convoluted appearance) and accumulate product in them
testes tumor type
Seminoma cells
They resemble spermatogonia.
This is an atretic follicle. Note the degenerating oocyte below the marker.
Vas deferens - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
