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Yr3 Anatomy > Repro - Female > Flashcards

Repro - Female Flashcards

1
Q

What structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Cervix
Vagina
Vulva

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2
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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3
Q

Describe the ligaments around the uterus?

A

Fascial Ligaments:

  • Pubocervical
  • Sacrocervical
  • Cardinal aka transverse cervical

Broad ligament
(The above ones support the uterus)

Round ligament travels through broad ligament
Ovarian ligament connects ovary to uterus

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4
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteflexed

Anteverted

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5
Q

What happens if the uterus is very retroverted or retroflexed?

A

Prolapse during early pregnancy

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6
Q

Why is it important to know the position of the uterus during surgical management of miscarriage?

A

To minimise risk of perforation of the uterus with instrumentation

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7
Q

What do we call the peritoneal pouches ant and post to the uterus?

A

Rectouterine pouch and uterovesical pouch

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8
Q

What are the fornixes of the vagina?

A

Arches found just distal to the cervix

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9
Q

What links the fornixes and peritoneal pouches clinically?

A

The posterior fornix can access the rectouterine pouch.

Pathologies can spread this way such as pus, tumours or endometriosis

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10
Q

What does the cardinal or transverse cervical ligament connect?

A

Cervix to the lateral pelvic wall

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11
Q

Name the sections of the fallopian tube?

A

From ovary –> Uterus:

  • Infundibulum
  • Ampullary Region
  • Isthmus
  • Intramural or Uterine part
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12
Q

What parts of the fallopian tube are longest and widest?

A

Ampullary region

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13
Q

Where does fertilization occur in the fallopian tube?

A

Ampullary region

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14
Q

What is an ectopic or tubal pregnancy?

A

Embryo implants & grows outside the uterus

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15
Q

What is a cornual ectopic pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy in the intramural fallopian tube, the part that traverse the uterine muscular wall

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16
Q

What ligaments are associated with the ovary?

A

Ovarian ligament from uterus -> ovary

Suspensory Ligament of ovary from lateral pelvic wall -> Ovary

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17
Q

Where does the ovarian artery arise and travel?

A

From the Abdominal Aorta at L2
Descends within the suspensory ligament and supplies the ovaries via the broad ligament

(Anastomoses with the uterine artery and is sometimes replaced by it)

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18
Q

Where do the ovarian veins drain?

A

Left into Left Renal Vein

Right into IVC

19
Q

Describe the passage of the uterine artery?

A

Crosses over ureter at the level of ischial spine at junction of cervix & lateral part of the vagina’s fornix.

20
Q

Why is the passes of the uterine artery important to understand?

A

Iatrogenic injury of the ureter is not uncommon when ligating the uterine artery during hysterectomy

21
Q

Where does lymph from the labia and distal vagina go?

A

To the inguinal nodes

22
Q

Where does lymph from the ovaries go?

A

To the Paraaortic nodes at L2

23
Q

Where does lymph from the fundus and upper uterine body go?

A

To the pre-aortic lymph nodes

24
Q

Where does lymph from most of the uterine body go?

A

Internal Iliac lymph nodes

25
Q

Where does lymph from the uterine cervix & upper vagina go?

A

Internal Iliac and Sacral lymph nodes

26
Q

Where does lymph from the lower vagina go?

A

Iliac and superficial inguinal nodes

27
Q

What is breast tissue?

A

A highly modified sweat gland in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region

Each breast contains 15-25 lobes of tubulo-acinar glands and connective tissue

28
Q

What surface landmarks do we use to mark the extent of the breast?

A

Vertically from 2nd -> 6th rib

Horizonally from lateral sternal border to midaxillary line

29
Q

What muscle are associated with the deep surface of the breast?

A

Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior

30
Q

What arteries supply the breast?

A

Branches of the subclavian and axillary:

  • Internal thoracic
  • Thoraco-acromial
  • Lateral Thoracic
31
Q

What are the main lymph node groups draining the breast?

A

Axillary (first receives lymph from the lateral quadrant of the breast tissue)
Parasternal
Supraclavicular lymph nodes

Lymph can drain from the medial side of one breast to the other side allowing spread of breast cancer

32
Q

How does breast tissue change during pregnancy and lactation? (histologically)

A

Inactive breast tissue is dominated by fat

Active tissue (late pregnancy) has adiposity replaced by glandular tissue (with trabeculae of stroma & smooth muscle)

When lactating you can see the duct contains secretions and the glands hypertrophy

33
Q

How does endometrium look histologically during the proliferative phase?

A

Like long streaky glands

34
Q

How does the endometrium look during the secretory phase?

A

glands look infolded with lotsof crypts, kinda spiky

35
Q

Describe a cross-section of the fallopian tube on histology?

A

Looks like brain but smooshed into a tube

36
Q

How can you tell an ovary on histology?

A

Look for a mess of cells containing folicles

37
Q

How do you tell the different stages of follicle on histology?

A

Young follicles are small and round with a single layer of cells
Secondary follicles have more layers and a visible oocyte
A mature graafian follicle contains a white antrum in a c-shape around the oocyte

38
Q

From where does the placenta develop?

A

The trophoblast after the blastocyst has implanted into the uterine endometrium

39
Q

Describe the surfaces of the placenta

A

Maternal side is rough and spongy

Foetal side is smooth and bears umbilical cord attachment

40
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

1) Gaseous Exchange
2) Metabolism (Specifically glycogen synthesis)
3) Endocrine secretion (Specfically HCG)
4) Nutrient Transport

41
Q

What stage of labour does the placenta seperate from the uterine wall?

A

Third stage

After the fetus is delivered

42
Q

What vessels travel within the umbilical cord?

A

Two umbilical arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from foetus -> Placenta
one umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood from placenta -> foetus

43
Q

What happens to the umbilical vein after birth?

A

Persists as the round ligament of the liver, remember?

44
Q

Other than the veins/arteries what makes up the rest of the umbilical cord?

A

Wharton’s Jelly

Yr3 Anatomy (11 decks)

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