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Animal Production > Repro cyclicity > Flashcards

Repro cyclicity Flashcards

1
Q

Mammal reproductive cyclicity

A

-consists of estrous cycle and menstrual cycle

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2
Q

Monoovular vs polyovular

A

Monovular= one oocyte per estrus cycle

Polyovular= multiple oocytes per estrous cycle

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3
Q

Monotocous vs polytocous

A

Monotocous= one offspring

Polytocous= multiple offspring

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4
Q

Estrous cycle

A

-sexual receptivity and copulation are primary behaviours
-if fertilization does not occur, then estrous cycle begins again
-if fertilization does occur, female enters anestrus that ends after parturition, uterine involution and lactation

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5
Q

Uterine involution

A

acquisition of normal uterine size and function

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6
Q

Three types of estrous cyclicity

A
  1. Polyestrous
    2.Seasonally polyestrous
  2. Monoestrous
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7
Q

Polyestrous

A

-uniform distribution of estrous cycles that occur regularly throughout entire year

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8
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A

-display clusters of estrous cycles that occur only during a certain season of the year
long day breeders

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9
Q

Monoestrous

A

-only one cycle per year

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10
Q

Phases of estrous cycle

A

**depends on the dominant structure present on ovary
1. Follicular phase
2. Luteal phase

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11
Q

Follicular phase

A

the period from the regression of corpora lutea to ovulation
**~20% of estrous cycle

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12
Q

Follicles role

A

Follicles are the dominant ovarian structure
-produce estrogen (and inhibin a and b) which suppress FSH

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13
Q

Luteal phase

A

Period from ovulation until corpora lutea regression
*~80% of estrous cycle

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14
Q

Corpora lutea role

A

-the dominant ovarian structure
-produce progesterone, which suppresses LH

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15
Q

Divisions of follicular phase

A
  1. proestrus
  2. estrus
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16
Q

Proestrus

A

formation of ovulatory follicles and estrogen secretion

*2-5 days

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17
Q

Estrus

A

Sexual activity and peak estrogen secretion

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18
Q

Divisions of luteal phase

A
  1. Metestrus
  2. Diestrus
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19
Q

Metestrus

A

CL formation and start of progesterone secretion

*2-5days

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20
Q

Diestrus

A

Sustained luteal secretion of progesterone

**10-14 days

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21
Q

Female sexual behaviour; when and why??

A

Occurs in estrus due to high levels of estradiol

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22
Q

Estrous cycle in pig

A

-consists of proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus
>follicular waves not documented
-polyovular (15-30 ovulations per cycle)
-Polyestrous
-luteolysis at day 15-18 (CL resistant to PGFalpha until day 12)

23
Q

Estrous cycle in bison

A

-bison calves born in synchronous pattern (april-june) in the wild= seasonal pattern
-ovulatory season= late july to october

-wave surges linked to FSH surge
-estrous cycle= 21 days
estrus lasts 9-28 hrs
-continuous emergence of anovulatory waves during anovulatory season (feb- july)

24
Q

Estrous cycle in Wapiti

A

-seasonally polyestrous (short day breeder; winter)
>short photoperiods= less inhibition of pinealocytes. Melatonin released at night stimulates release of GnRH and starts cycle
-two to four follicular waves
-estrous cycle ~18-21 days

25
Q

Estrous cycle in Mare

A

-Seasonally polyestrous (spring)
>occurs when melatonin low
>GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary resulting in FSH and LH production

-estrous cycle 21days +/-3
-~2 follicular waves
-Estrus= 4-10 (usually 6)
-Estrus behaviour stops 24-48 hrs after ovulation
-if no pregnancy: luteolysis (day 14-16)
-winter months= mares in anestrus

26
Q

Steps of short day breeders

A
  1. Short days= increase melatonin
  2. Activates kiss neurons
    3.increase GnRH = cyclicity
27
Q

Steps of long day breeders

A
  1. long day= decrease in melatonin
  2. Activates kiss neurons
  3. increase GnRH= cyclicity
28
Q

Estrus cycle in dogs

A

-consists of proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus

-polytocous
-monestrous (1-4 cycles per year)
-seasonal (Feb-May)
-follicular waves not documented
-luteal phase similar between pregnant and nonpregnant
>progesterone is present for both… will drop suddenly at parturition if pregnant, but will be slow with pseudopregnancy

29
Q

Why is estrus long in dogs?

A

Adaptation because they only get pregnant once a year. So this way they have more of a chance of getting pregnant

30
Q

Why is fertilization delayed in dogs?

A

follicle releases primary oocyte and will need extra time to become secondary oocyte later

31
Q

Estrus cycle in cats

A

Includes proestrus, estrus, post-estrus, diestrus, anestrus

-seasonally polyestrous
-induced ovulatory (need copulation for LH surge)
-follicular waves not documented

-proestrus and estrus= 2-20 days
-luteal phase= 60 days in pregnant, 40 days in non-pregnant
-anestrus= 30-90 days

32
Q

Post estrus

A

an inter-estrus period that follows estrus that has not been induced to ovulate by copulation
>period between heat

**occurs in cats

33
Q

Anestrus stages

A
  1. Gestational
  2. Seasonal
  3. Lactational
  4. Nutritional
  5. Pathological
34
Q

Lactational Anestrus

A

-limits pregnancy until young is weaned (ensures resources available)

-After weaning, resumption of ovulatory cycle varies among species

35
Q

Sows- resumption of ovulatory cycle after lactation

A

ovulate 6-8 days after weaning

36
Q

Cows- resumption of ovulatory cycle after lactation

A

Dairy (2-7 days), Beef (10 days)

-distinct effect of suckling of own calf… preventing suckling results in LH increase and ovulatory cycle

37
Q

Mares- resumption of ovulatory cycle after lactation

A

-foal heat refers to the first estrous cycle that occurs after giving birth
-6-8 days post partum

38
Q

Camelids- resumption of ovulatory cycle after lactation

A

-induced ovulators
-receptive immediately post partum but no ovulation until after 14 days

39
Q

Women- resumption of ovulatory cycle after lactation

A

-resume menstral cycle after 8-12 months if not lactating or beyond 24 months if nursing
-energy balance is also important

40
Q

Nutritional anestrous

A

An absence of GnRH pulses from the hypothalamus, inadequate secretion of gonadotropins and inactive ovaries

-related to energy demands (feed quality and quantity). These differ between primiparous and multiparous species

41
Q

Menstral cycle

A

-Defined as the sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior

42
Q

Womens menstral cycle

A

-avg 28days with a range of 24-35 days

43
Q

How does the menstrual cycle differ from the estrous cycle?

A

-no defined period of sexual receptivity
-endometrial sloughing occurs (called menses)
-cycle begins and ends with menses not ovulation or estrus
-ovulation occurs at day 14 rather than at the start and end of the cycle

44
Q

Manipulation of ovarian function

A
  1. Ovarian synchronization- fixed time insemination
  2. Ovarian superstimulation- in vivo and in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer, controlled breeding management
45
Q

Treatments for luteal phase time period

A
  1. shorten luteal function= treat with PGF2alpha

2.lengthen luteal phase= treat with progesterone

46
Q

Emergence of synchronized waves

A
  1. follicle ablation
    2.Estrogen and progesterone
  2. GnRH/LH
47
Q

Ovarian synchronization by ablation

A

-Transvaginal US guided ablation of antral follicles causes new follicular wave ~1.5 days because the estradiol and inhibin that was being produced will be removed and FSH will be increased

48
Q

CIDR (controlled internal drug release)

A

A device that released progesterone is inserted into the animal

49
Q

Superstimulation

A

-also called superovulation

-a technique used in reproductive management to induce the development of multiple follicles leading to the release of multiple oocytes during a single estrous

50
Q

Extrinsic factors of ovarian superstimulation

A
  • gonadotropins
    -purity
    -dose
    -route
    -frequency
    -site
51
Q

Intrinsic factors of superstimulation

A

-nutritional status
-reproductive history
-age
-season
-breed
-ovarian status

52
Q

Why is starting superstimulation during the presence of a dominant follicle less effective?

A
  • because there is only one follicle present that has already been selected for so treatment should be initiated prior to selection of follicles
53
Q

When is the best time to conduct ovarian superstimulation?

A

-On the day of or the day before the follicular wave emergence

**only 20% (4-5 days) of estrous cycle is available for treatment at the time of follicular wave emergence

54
Q

Ovulation prevention

A

-Give progesterone (progestagen)= LH suppression

-follicle development still occurs during oral contraception due to lack of suppression during the Pill Free interval (PFI)

Animal Production (17 decks)

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