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Functional Histology > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what does spermatic ducts include?

A

epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct

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2
Q

accessory sex glands include?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands

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3
Q

functions of repro system?

A

spermatogenesis
production of seminal fluid
steroidogenesis
sex

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4
Q

testes are the site of —- and —-.

A

spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis

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5
Q

what is the benefit of extra abdominal location of testes?

A

maintains temp 2-3 degrees below body temp==> vital for spermatogenesis, but not necessary for steroidogenesis.

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6
Q

what controls the position of testes in relation to temperature?

A

the contraction of cremaster muscle

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7
Q

what is the layer of testes that descends down from abdominal cavity?

A

tunica vaginalis

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8
Q

tunica vaginalis is a remnant of — which is lined by — and produces — to —- &—.

A

peritoneum
serous membrane
serous fluid to reduce friction and facilitate movement

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9
Q

tunica albuginea is a —- which — and forms septa.

A

dense and thick CT capsule

protects

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10
Q

what forms the CT septa of testes?

A

t. albuginea

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11
Q

what does tunica vasculosa contain?

A

blood vessels

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12
Q

what are the prominent structures visible in a low mag of testes?

A

lobules which contain seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

what is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

what is the tissue in between the seminiferous tubules and what does it contain?

A

CT stroma which contains leydig cells

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15
Q

site of steroidogenesis?

A

CT stroma by leydig cells

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16
Q

prominent features of leydig cells?

A

abundant lipid droplets

lots of sER, large, polygonal eosinophilic

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17
Q

testosterone is synthesised from — which is collected via — in leydig cells.

A

cholesterol

lipid droplets

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18
Q

when do leydig cells become active?

A

early in foetal development to secrete testosterone for gonadal development and descent of testes.

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19
Q

are leydig cells always active in their secretions?

A

no. they stop in 5 months of foetal life till puberty.

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20
Q

what are the effects of testos after puberty?

A
  • enlargement of penis, testes and prostate.
  • initiation of spermatogenesis
  • initiation of accessory sex gland secretions
  • development of secondary sex characteristics
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21
Q

what are the effects of testos production throughout life?

A

essential for maintenance of structures developed in puberty, maintenance of bone and muscle strength and erectile function

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22
Q

seminiferous tubules are lined with spermatogenic epithelium which is a —- epithelium which contain — and —-.

A

complex stratified epithelium

sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells

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23
Q

sertoli cells are —- epithelial cells which support the development of —-.

A

true epi cells

spermatogenic cells

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24
Q

what tissue surrounds the semi tubules and what is its function?

A

myoid cells
contractile cells which through peristaltic contractions move the sperm and testicular fluid through tubules to excurrent ducts.

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25
Q

what does spermatogenic epithelium include?

A

sertoli cells

spermatogenic cells/germ cells

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26
Q

what are the stages of spermatogenic cell development?

A

stem cells which are located basally=spermatogonia ==>undergo spermatogenesis to turn into mature sperm==> migrate towards lumen as they mature.

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27
Q

what does spermatogenesis consist of?

A

mitosis (spermatogonium undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes), meiosis (from primary to secondary and spermatids) and spermiogenesis (final morphological differentiation from round cell to mature sperm).

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28
Q

where are spermatogonia located?

A

basal lamina of semi tubules

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29
Q

types A spermatogonia ?

A 
Type A:
• Dark = stem cell reserve
• Mitosis to replace themselves &
maintain stem cell reserve
• Light = renewing stem cells
• committed to differentiate, but first
undergo multiple mitotic divisions to
increase number
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30
Q

type B spermatogonia?

A

Type B = last step in
spermatogonial phase
• Condensed chromatin

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31
Q

what is the step after formation of type B spermatogonia?

A 
Type B spermatogonia undergo mitosis
to produce primary spermatocytes.Immediately replicate their DNA and enter
prophase I of meiosis. (22 days)
• “Crossing Over” occurs, creating new
combinations of DNA within chromosomes.Undergo first meiotic division to
become secondary spermatocytes
• Do not replicate DNA, immediately
enter prophase II of meiosis
• Complete 2nd meiotic division rapidly
(within a few hours) to form
spermatids
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32
Q

what happens at spermatid stage?

A

No changes to DNA. No cell division
Morphological transformation
(differentiation) into mature sperm
= spermiogenesis.

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33
Q

what occurs in spermiogenesis?

A 
• Extensive cellular remodelling
• Spermatids physically attached to Sertoli
cells during this transformation
• Start as small, round cells, round nuclei
• Nucleus condenses
• Formation of acrosome
• Development of flagellum
• Reduction of cytoplasm
• Removal of excess organelles
(Ribosomes, ER, Golgi etc)
-development of spermartozoa
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34
Q

Final maturation of spermatozoa occurs in?

A

epididymis

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35
Q

what does the head of spermatozoa contain and function if each part?

A 
• Acrosome
• Contains enzymes to penetrate zona
pellucida of oocyte → fertilisation
• Nucleus
• Haploid, extremely condensed, inactive
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36
Q

what does the tail of spermatozoa contain and function if each part?

A
  • Neck → Centriole
  • Midpiece → Mitochondria
  • Principal piece & End piece → Flagellum
  • contains axoneme
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37
Q

what determines the sex of the baby?

A

sperm

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38
Q

what cells protect spermatogenic cells and how?

A

sertoli cells- their processes surround spermatogenic cells for duration of
spermatogenesis.
• Provide nutrients & growth factors, remove
waste
• Phagocytose components of spermatids in
final stage of spermiogenesis

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39
Q

how are sertoli cells stimulated?

A

Stimulated by FSH and testosterone

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40
Q

what are secretory functions of sertoli cells?

A 
• Exocrine: secrete fluid into seminiferous
tubules, facilitates movement of sperm
along tubules to ducts
• Endocrine: secrete several hormones
including inhibin (-ve feedback FSH)
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41
Q

immunological function of sertoli cells?

A

form the blood testes barrier

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42
Q

what constitutes the blood testes barrier?

A

unique sertoli to sertoli junctional complexes attached basolaterally to cells which are exceptionally tight and junctions =zonula occludens

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43
Q

function of blood testes barrier?

A 
Segregates luminal fluid, allowing strict
control over its composition
Prevents passage of toxic agents from
blood into tubules.
Segregates pre-meiotic and post-meiotic
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44
Q

why is it important to isolate spermatocytes from blood?

A

Post-meiotic = different DNA = antigenic
• They Isolate post-meiotic from immune system
Early primary spermatocytes pass through
junctional complex before they cross over.
• Antigens produced by sperm can’t enter
circulation
• Circulating antibodies can’t reach sperm.
If BTB fails, anti-sperm antibodies are
produced ➔ can cause infertility

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45
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take?

A

74 days + 12 days to pass through epididymis and mature.

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46
Q

semen is manufactured in —-, – and — in epididymis, ejaculation forces sperm into — which meets the seminal vesicles to form—.
It passes through – and empties into — which carries through —.

A 
testes
storage and maturation
vas deferens 
ejaculatory duct 
prostate 
urethra 
penis
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47
Q

the bulk of the seminal plasma is from?

A

seminal vesicles then prostate

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48
Q

what are the phases of ejaculation? explain each.

A 
Emission
• Contractions in vas deferens (sperm), seminal vesicles and prostate expel fluid
• Combined and stored in
prostatic urethra (semen)
• Contractions in bulbourethral
gland
Expulsion
• Often associated with orgasm
• Contractions in smooth muscle of
urethra and rhythmic
contractions in striated muscles of
perineum propel semen from
prostatic urethra
• Ejection of combined semen
through penile urethra
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49
Q

how do sperm become mature?

A 
Immature sperm enter at head
(incapable of fertilisation)
• Sperm take ~12 days to travel through
and undergo further maturation
• Gain motility
• Further condensation of nucleus
• Further reduction of cytoplasm
• Decapacitation: Modification of
acrosome to inhibit fertilising ability. This
is reversed during capacitation in
female reproductive tract
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50
Q

tubules in epididymis are lined with?

A

pseudostratified epithelium

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51
Q

what are the cells inside epididymis epi?

A
  • Basal cells

* Principal cells => covered with stereocilia

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52
Q

function of principal cells of epididymis?

A

• Absorption of remaining fluid coming
from seminiferous tubules
• (100-fold concentration of sperm).

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53
Q

specific functions of epididymis epi?

A

• Phagocytosis of material released by
maturing sperm and any degenerates
• Secretion of factors that aid in sperm
maturation

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54
Q

function of smooth muscle surrounding epididymis epi?

A

• Head & body: peristalsis to move sperm
along
• Tail: intense contractions at ejaculation

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55
Q

function of vas deferens?>

A

Strong peristaltic contractions at
ejaculation (emission) carry sperm from
epididymis to seminal vesicles

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56
Q

vas deferens is a — tube.

A

muscular

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57
Q

epi of vas deferens?

A

• Pseudostratified epithelium-covered with stereocilia.

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58
Q

what are some features of vas deferens?

A 
• Folded lumen
=> Probably due to contraction of
muscle during tissue fixation
• Very muscular wall: 3 layers of
smooth muscle
• Inner longitudinal
• Middle circular
• Outer longitudinal
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59
Q

what controls the secretions from seminal vesicle?

A

testosterone

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60
Q

what makes up seminal plasma from seminal vesicle?

A

• Fructose – large amount
• Amino acids, proteins, enzymes, Vitamin C,
Prostaglandins

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61
Q

functions of each component in seminal plasma from seminal vesicle?

A

• Fructose = main energy source for sperm
• Fluid is alkaline, neutralises acidic vaginal
pH to facilitate sperm survival
• Suppresses immune function in female
reproductive tract

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62
Q

epithelium of seminal vesicle?

A

Psueudostratified or simple columnar

epithelium

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63
Q

features of seminal vesicle epi?

A

• Highly secretory
• Contain many secretory granules,
abundant golgi & rER (TEM).• Lamina propria = CT, v. elastic
• Thick smooth muscle wall
• Contraction during ejaculation (emission
phase)

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64
Q

secretions from prostate is controlled by—.

A

testosterone

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65
Q

what are the components of secretions from prostate?

A

• Prostatic acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin,

citric acid & prostate-specific antigen

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66
Q

functions of secretions from prostate?

A
  • Enzymes liquify semen after ejaculation

* Also alkaline, neutralise acidic vaginal pH

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67
Q

how is retrograde ejaculation prevented from prostate to bladder/

A

contraction of bladder neck at ejaculation.

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68
Q

what is the prominent histo feature of prostate?

A

Contains 30-50 compound

tubuloalveolar glands

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69
Q

prostate gland tubules are surrounded by —.

A

fibromuscular stroma

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70
Q

what is the function of fibromuscular stroma in prostate?

A

• Contractions at ejaculation
(emission) pump alveolar
secretions into urethra

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71
Q

prostatic urethra is lined with?

A

transitional epi

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72
Q

tubuloalveolar glands are lined with?

A

• Generally simple columnar epithelium but can

vary (simple cuboidal to pseudostratified)

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73
Q

alveoli contain material in their lumen. what is this called?

A

Alveoli can contain prostatic concretions (aka
corpora amylacea)
• = concentric lamellated material
• Thought to be precipitated prostatic secretions
Can become calcified

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74
Q

bulbourethral glands empty into —

A

penile urethra

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75
Q

what controls bulbo gland’s secretions

A

testosterone

76
Q

what do bulbo glands produce and their functions?

A

mucin
• Mucus-like secretion released during erection
(= pre-ejaculate)
• Neutralise acidity of urethra (due to residual
urine)
• Lubricates penile urethra for passage of
sperm

77
Q

main tissue in penis?

A

vascular erectile tissue

78
Q

how does the epi of urethra change from bladder to terminal penis?

A
  • Neck of bladder = transitional
  • Prostatic urethra = transitional
  • Membranous urethra = pseudostratified
  • Most of penile urethra = pseudostratified
  • Terminal portion of penile urethra = non-keratinised stratified squamous
79
Q

what are the main components of penis?

A

3 vascular erectile tissues, 2 dorsal-corpora cavernosa

1 ventral-corpus spongiosum

80
Q

the primary erectile tissue in penis is?

A

corpora cavernosa

81
Q

which component of penis contains urethra?

A

corpus spongiosum

82
Q

what surrounds the corpora of penis?

A

dense fibroelastic layer-tunica albuginea which also surrounds each.

83
Q

what covers tunica albuginea?

A

covered by CT and thin skin.

84
Q

90% of blood in penis is within —-.

A

cavernous sinuses in corpus cavernosum

85
Q

what epi lines the cavernous sinuses?

A

endothelium

86
Q

what surrounds the cavernous sinuses?

A

CT trabeculae between- which contains smooth muscle, Helicene arteries, and nerves

87
Q

where are veins positioned inside the corpora?

A

edge of tunica-peripheraly located.

88
Q

how does the tunica albuginea differ for each corpora-relate to function?

A

corpus cavernosum-thick, dense CT
corpus spongiosum-thinner and more elastic-to prevent compression of urethra during erection, allowing semen to be released at ejaculation.

89
Q

similarities and differences between the corpora?

A

both contain similar cavernous sinuses and CT septa. But in spongiosum there’s 10% of blood.
Spongiosum contains penile urethra and small mucus glands which empty into urethra.

90
Q

erection is under— stimulation.

A

parasymp

91
Q

describe the steps in erection?

A
  • Dilation of helicene arteries
  • ↑ blood flow
  • Relaxation of SMCs in trabeculae
  • Cavernous sinuses fill with blood
  • Corpora cavernosa expand
  • Veins compressed against tunica albuginea, blocking venous outflow
  • Erection achieved (hydraulic pressure)
92
Q

— ends erection.

A

symp stimulation

93
Q

describe steps after erection ends.

A

•Constriction of helicene arteries
•Contraction of SMCs in trabeculae
•↓ blood flow to cavernous sinuses
•↓ pressure on veins, unblocking venous outflow
•Blood drains
•Erection subsides & penis returns to flaccid state
In flaccid penis, SMCs under tonic contraction, limits blood flow into sinuses

94
Q

pacinian corpuscles in penis are responsible for —,– and —.

A

sensitivity, touch and pressure.

95
Q

what are the striated muscles at base of penis and their function.

A

bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
Rhythmic contractions increase pressure in corpus spongiosum, propelling semen through urethra =expulsion phase of ejaculation

96
Q

role of estrogen?

A 
– Growth, maturation of sex
organs
– Female sex characteristics
at puberty
– Breast development,
adipose accumulation
97
Q

roles of progesterone?

A

– Prepare uterus for
pregnancy
– Prepare mammary gland
for lactation

98
Q

Gametogenesis is production of — .

A

eggs

99
Q

what is the epi of ovary?

A

germinal epi:simple cuboidal cells

100
Q

what are the layers of ovary?

A 
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex – follicles
Medulla – large
blood vessels
101
Q

germinal epi is continuous with —.

A

mesothelium that covers mesovarium

102
Q

how do germ cells develop in foetus?

A

Migrate from embryonic yolk sac into

embryonic gonad

103
Q

when do the oocytes stop mitosis?

A

at birth-they are arrested at prophase 1.No new oocytes are produced after birth

104
Q

what are the three types of ovarian follicles?

A
  • primordial follicles;
  • growing follicles, which are further subcategorized as primary and secondary (or antral) follicles; and
  • mature follicle or Graafian -follicles.
105
Q

when do primordial follicles appear during development?

A

3rd month

106
Q

where are primordial follicles located, their feature?

A

found in the stroma of the cortex just beneath the tunica albuginea. A single layer of squamous follicle cells surrounds the oocyte

107
Q

how do primordial cells become primary follicle?

A

As a primordial follicle develops into a growing follicle, changes occur in the oocyte, in the follicle cells, and in the adjacent stroma. Initially, the oocyte enlarges, and the surrounding flattened follicle cells proliferate and become cuboidal/granulosa cells. At this stage—that is, when the follicle cells become cuboidal—the follicle is identified as a primary follicle.
-zona pellucida forms from the proteins secreted by the oocyte
-Stromal cells surrounding follicle become
theca interna, theca externa cells
-Move deeper into ovary due to proliferation of
granulosa cells

108
Q

zona pallucida is composed of?

A

ZP glycoproteins secreted by the oocyte: ZP-1,ZP-2,-3,-4.

109
Q

zona pellucida is — staining.

A

acidophilic

110
Q

how does late primary follicle develop?

A

follicle cells give rise to stratified epi-granulosa cells.

extensive gap junctions develop between granulosa cells and oocyte.

111
Q

characteristics of theca interna?

A 
– Highly vascularised
– Cuboidal secretory cells
– Steroid-producing
– LH receptors – synthesise
and secrete androgens
112
Q

feaTures of theca externa?

A

– Outer layer of CT
– Collagen, smooth muscle
fibres

113
Q

how to we classify secondary follicles?

A

presence of antrum

114
Q

how does secondary follicle develop?

A

When the stratum granulosum reaches a thickness of 6 to 12 cell layers, fluid-filled cavities appear among the granulosa cells (Fig. 23.6). As the hyaluronan-rich fluid called liquor folliculi continues to accumulate among the granulosa cells, the cavities begin to coalesce, eventually forming a single, crescent-shaped cavity called the antrum. The follicle is now identified as a secondary follicle or antral follicle.

115
Q

the follicular antrum contains ?

A

the fluid is called liquor folliculi, rich in Hyaluronana

116
Q

what is required for transition from primary follicle to secondary?

A

FSH
GF
Ca ions

117
Q

Maximum diameter of oocyte ?

A

125 microns

118
Q

what theca interna cells and granulosa cells secrete after secondary follicle development and their path?

A

Theca interna:
-has LH receptors, LH from pituitary binds to this and secretes androgens. The androgens go to granulosa cells.
Granulosa cells
– Have FSH receptors-FSH binds to these and stimulates the conversion of androgens from Theca interna into estrogens.
– have enzymes Convert testosterone (type of androgen)
into estrogens.

119
Q

What occurs after secondary follicle maturation?

A

mature Graafian follicle develops.

120
Q

features of Graafian follicles?

A

-Large – 10mm or more diameter-quite large
-Single fluid filled antrum taking up most of
volume of follicle
Specialisations of granulosa cells-formation of
– Cumulus oophorus
– Corona radiata

121
Q

what’s involved in ovulation?

A

High level of estrogens (from follicles) lead
to surge in LH and FSH (positive feedback)
– Proteolytic enzymes
– Resumption of meiosis 24hrs before ovulation
– Secondary oocyte – arrested at metaphase II
until fertilisation
Oocyte + corona radiata + fluid ovulated

122
Q

what remains after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum-granulosa cells and theca cells

123
Q

what occurs after ovulation to the granulosa cells and theca cells of ovaries?

A

they undergo luteinisation-increase in size and lipid accumulation.
Steroid secreting – abundant sER, mitochondria with tubular cristae.

124
Q

where does the yellow appearance of c.luteum come from?

A

Lipochrome – lipid soluble pigment, yellow

appearance

125
Q

types of cells in corpus luteum and their secretions?

A 
Granulosa lutein cells
– Develop from granulosa
cells of follicle
– 30µm diameter
– Secrete estrogens,
progesterone and inhibin.
Theca lutein cells
– Develop from theca
interna
– Smaller (15µm diameter),
darker staining
– Secrete androgens,
progesterone
126
Q

what signals to stop FSH from pituitary in females?

A

inhibin released from c.luteum

127
Q

if no fertilisation occurs, — develops.

A

corpus albicans-gross white scar, intercellular hyaline material accumulation which get absorbed into ovary later

128
Q

what happens to rest of the follicle cells that haven’t developed into primary or secondary follicles?

A

undergo atresia -can occur at any stage.

129
Q

what does atresia involve?

A 
Apoptosis of granulosa cells
Degeneration and autolysis of oocyte
Zona pellucida folded, collapses,
phagocytosed by macrophage
Basement membrane forms glassy
membrane – wavy hyaline structure
130
Q

what type of CT surrounds uterine tube?

A 
External serosal layer
– Mesothelium, thin layer
connective tissue
Muscular layer
– Inner circular
– Outer longitudinal
131
Q

describe the mucosa of uterine tube.

A 
Highly folded (in ampulla), highly
vascularised
Simple columnar
epithelium
– Ciliated cells
– Nonciliated peg cells
132
Q

which part of the uterine tube has more foldings?

A

ampulla

133
Q

how does the uterine tube change during menstrual cycle?

A

Hypertrophy during follicular phase (during development of oocyte)
Atrophy during luteal phase (after ovulation)
Estrogen – ciliogenesis to move the egg down
Progesterone – increase in secretory cells-after ovulation, need nourishment
Peak height of epithelial cells 30µm at time
of ovulation
– Half height just before menstruation

134
Q

What lining covers Uterus?

A

perimetrium -serosa

135
Q

layers of myometrium?

A 
3 layers (indistinct)
– Inner longitudinal
– Middle circular
– Outer longitudinal
136
Q

function of myometrium?

A 
During pregnancy
– Hypertrophy (50µm to 500µm
in length)
– Hyperplasia
– Differentiation of
undifferentiated cells
137
Q

why there are changes in endometrium during menstrual cycle?

A 
Cyclical changes during
menstrual cycle
– Prepare for implantation of
embryo and subsequent fetal
development
138
Q

layers of endometrium?

A 
– Functional layer
Thickest part, closest to lumen
-Can be called Stratum functionalis
– Basal layer
Retained during menstruation
Regeneration of functional layer
Stratum basalis
139
Q

what is endometrial epithelium?

A

Luminal epithelium
– Simple columnar
– Secretory and ciliated
cells

140
Q

prominent histo feature of endometrium?

A 
Endometrial stroma
– Highly cellular
– Simple tubular glands
invaginations of luminal
epithelium
141
Q

luminal epi cells of endometrium are continuous with —.

A

glandular epi cells

142
Q

what is the unique feature of uterine luminal epi cells?

A

Only cells in body that transform from nonreceptive to receptive in short time frame (attachment or non-attachment of blastocyst).

143
Q

how does the uterine luminal epi cells change ?

A

change with menstrual cycle-after ovulation you get flattening of the simple columnar cells, accumulation of vesicles inside, making them become receptive.

144
Q

describe the vasculature of the uterus and their location.

A 
the uterine artery comes in, becomes arcuate then radial within myometrium. 
Straight artery – basal
layer of endometrium.
Spiral artery – extends
into functional layer (stratum functionalis)
– Highly coiled
– Important in menstruation
Arterioles, capillaries,
venules…
145
Q

what influences the functional layer of endometrium to grow?

A

estrogen.

146
Q

when does proliferative phase of uterus occur, what happens and what causes it?

A

synced with follicular phase of ovarian cycle, endometrium grown to 3mm in thickness via the control of estrogen. Day 5-14

147
Q

prior to ovulation the phase is called—, after is called—.

A

proliferative phase

secretory phase

148
Q

features of proliferative phase of endometrium?

A 
Regeneration of endometrium
– Mitotic figures in epithelium
Spiral arteries
– Lengthen, not in upper 1/3rd of endometrium
Glands
– Narrow, relatively straight
– Some glycogen in basal glands
149
Q

when does secretory phase of uterus occur and what controls it?

A 
Luteal phase of ovarian cycle
Days 15-26
Progesterone controls it
Endometrium 5-6mm thick
Oedematous stroma
150
Q

features of endometrium structure in secretory phase

A 
Glands
– Enlarged
– Corkscrew shape
– Sacculated appearance
Glycogen rich secretory products.

Spiral arteries
– Lengthen to nearly reach surface
– More coiled

Stromal cells
– Transform into decidual cells
– Large pale cells
– Rich in glycogen

151
Q

what is secreted during secretory phase?

A

estrogen and progesterone

152
Q

what causes the menstrual phase to initiate?

A

Decline in estrogens and
progesterone
through degeneration of corpus luteum

153
Q

what occurs during menstrual phase?

A 
Periodic contractions of spiral arteries caused by decline in estrogen and progesterone. 
– Ischaemia of functional layer,
blood flow remains to basal layer
– Necrosis of stromal cells
– Disruption of surface epithelium
and rupture of blood vessels
154
Q

what does the menstrual discharge consist of?

A

– Blood, uterine fluid, stromal cells and

epithelial cells of functional layer

155
Q

what is inhibited during menstrual phase?

A

blood clotting factors and fibrinolysis.

156
Q

what is endometriosis?

A 
-Presence of
endometrial tissue
outside uterine cavity
-Retrograde
menstruation
157
Q

how does cervix compare with uterus?

A 
More connective tissue, less smooth muscle
than body of uterus
Elastic fibres
Large branched glands
No spiral arteries
158
Q

epi of different parts of cervix?

A 
Epithelium
– Endocervix – simple
columnar (continuous
with uterus)
– Ectocervix – stratified
squamous (continuous
with vagina)
159
Q

does the mucosa of the cervix change during menstrual cycle?

A

nope. – No change in thickness
during menstrual cycle
– Not sloughed off during
menstruation

160
Q

what produces cervical mucus and their function?

A

Produced by glands

Lubrication of vagina

161
Q

what controls cervical mucus and why?

A

Change during menstrual cycle, under
hormonal control
Most stages – prevents passage of sperm
into uterus

162
Q

how does the mucus change during mestrual cycle?

A

Ovulation time
– Mucus production increased 10x
– Less viscous, ‘egg white’ consistency
– Favourable for sperm migration

163
Q

are nabothian cysts pathological?

A

no their normal. become more as you age, they are basically blocked cervical glands.

164
Q

all cases of cervical cancer is asso with—.

A

HPV

165
Q

type of mucosa epi of vagina?

A

– Non-keratinised stratified
squamous epithelium
– Connective tissue papillae

166
Q

what CT covers vagina?

A

Adventitia
– Inner dense CT
– Outer loose CT

167
Q

what are the features of vaginal mucosa?

A 
Stratified squamous
epithelium
– Glycogen
Source of energy for
lactobacillus – maintain
vaginal pH. Unlike hyaline granules of keratin in skin. 
Lamina propria
– Highly cellular, loose ct
– Deeper region
has dense submucosa
Some erectile tissue – thin
walled blood vessels.
168
Q

what inhibits development of male mammary glands?

A

testosterone at puberity

169
Q

During development, multiple glands develop along paired— thickenings called — that extend from the developing — to the developing —.

A

epidermal
mammary ridges
axilla
inguinal region

170
Q

what controles mammary gland growth in females?

A

estrogen

171
Q

how does the mammary gland grow in females?

A
  • estrogen stimulates further development of mesenchymal cells.
  • The mammary gland increases in size, mainly due to the growth of interlobular adipose tissue.
  • The ducts extend and branch into the expanding connective tissue stroma.
  • Proliferation of epithelial cells is controlled by interactions between the epithelium and the specialized intralobular hormone-sensitive loose connective tissue stroma.
  • By adulthood, complete ductal architecture
172
Q

what is the mammary gland composed of and their epithelia?

A
  • 15-20 irregular lobules (tubuloalveolar glands)
  • Lactiferous duct-keratinised stratified squamous epi
  • Lactiferous sinus-2 layers cuboidal epi
  • Duct-simple columnar or cuboidal epi
  • fibrous CT in between
  • adipose tissue
173
Q

what are the structures in an adult nipple?

A
  • opening of lactiferous ducts
  • sebaceous glands, sweat glands, montgomery glands (intermediate between sweat glands and mammary glands)
  • nerves
174
Q

what constitutes the TDLU?

A

– Successive branching of lactiferous ducts
– Terminal ductules (or secretory alveoli)
– Intralobular collecting duct
– Intralobular stroma

175
Q

what are the cell types in TDLU?

A 
– Glandular
      -Line duct
– Myoepithelial
      -Between epithelial cells 
      and basal lamina
      -Contraction – milk 
       ejection
176
Q

main feature of inactive mammary gland histo?

A

lots of dense CT

177
Q

how does the mammary gland changes during menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase
– Intralobular stroma less dense
– Terminal ductules – cuboidal cells, no lumen

Luteal phase
– Epithelial cells increase in height
– Lumina appear in ducts – some secretion
– Oedematous connective tissue
==>May explain breast tenderness and increase size during luteal phase

178
Q

what are the hormones required to complete the development of mammary gland during pregnancy?

A 
– Estrogen and progesterone
from Corpus luteum and placenta
– Prolactin
from Pituitary gland
– Gonadocorticoids
from Adrenal cortex
179
Q

how does the mammary gland grow during pregnancy?

A

First trimester
– Terminal ductules form;
Elongation, branching
Proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and myoepithelial cell

Second trimester
– Alveoli form from terminal ductules
– Immune cell infiltration
– Growth of alveoli
==>Large Increase mass of breast.

Third trimester
– Maturation of alveoli-can produce milk
– Glandular epithelial cells become Cuboidal, basal nuclei, develop Secretory vesicles and lipid droplets
– Breast size increase due to
1. Hypertrophy of secretory cells
2. Accumulation of secretory products in lumen

180
Q

difference between pregnant and inactive mammary gland?

A

inactive; lots of CT

active; lots of glandular tissue, less CT, large intralobular duct

181
Q

what are the hormones required to produce the milk and when are they released?

A

prolactin and human placental lactogen- which were suppressed during pregnancy by estrogen and progesterone. They are released at birth due to sudden drop in estro and proges by delivering the placenta.
Also, oxytocin is also released which is involved in contraction of myometrium at birth and myoepi cell contraction for milk production.

182
Q

stages of milk production at a cellular level?

A 
Merocrine secretion
– Protein component
– Extensive rough ER
– Secretory vesicles to Golgi
– Packaged for exocytosis

Apocrine secretion;
– Fatty or lipid component of milk
– Lipid droplets accumulate at top of cell, being pinched off surface

183
Q

what does a lactating mammary gland look like?

A

even less CT, majority is glandular and intralobular ducts, secretions in lumen, large epi cells.

184
Q

what is produced from mammary glands immediately following birth?

A

Colostrum-Alkaline yellowish secretion
Higher protein, lower lipid, carbohydrate
content than breast milk, Secretory IgAs (and other antibodies)
– Passive immunity to newborn
– From immune cells in stroma of glandular component
– Important for establishing gut microbiome of
infant.

185
Q

how is lactation initiated after birth?

A 
-Suckling (and looking at, talking about,
hearing baby cry)
-Signals to hypothalamus – inhibits
prolactin-inhibitory factor (dopamine)
-Release of prolactin from ant pituitary
    – Milk production
Release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary
– Myoepithelial cell contraction
– Contractions of uterine wall

Functional Histology (5 decks)

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