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Functional Histology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine function of kidney?

A

production of EPO==> RBC production.

Also renin production for RAAS system.

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2
Q

what type of membrane covers the kidney?

A

serosa

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3
Q

what is the path of filteration from kidney?

A

nephron==>collecting duct==>minor calyx==>major calyx==>renal pelvis=>ureter=>bladder=>urethra.

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4
Q

why does the parallelism of medullary rays matter?

A

important for osmotic-oncotic pressure gradient.

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5
Q

how big is a renal corpuscle ?

A

200 um

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6
Q

what is within the papilla from cortex to inner medulla?

A

cortex contains renal corpuscle and convulated tubules and collecting duct, then outer and inner medulla has medullary rays

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7
Q

what does a renal corpuscle consist of ?

A

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, urinary space

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8
Q

how many layers does bowman’s capsule have and what are their epithelia?

A

2: parietal layer: simple squamous

visceral layer: podocyte cells which are epithelial derived

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9
Q

what are podocytes for?

A

filteration apparatus of kidney

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10
Q

what are mesangial cells and where are their located and what do they secrete?

A

contractile cells which affect blood flow, also phagocytic cells that clear away debris. Located between capillaries and podocytes. Secrete ECM

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11
Q

is mesangial cell part of the filteration apparatus?

A

no

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12
Q

what type of epi has proximal, distal convoluted tubules and medullary rays have?

A

P and D conv: simple cuboidal

medullary rays: also simple cuboidal, collecting ducts can be simple columnar

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13
Q

what is initial and major site of reabsorption?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

what are the special modifications of proximal convoluted tubules?

A

microville, junctional complex on lateral surface, plicae/folds on lateral surface, basal striations, numerous mitochondria in basal region.

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15
Q

what are special modifications of DCT?

A

very short and few microvilli, junctional complex, plicae, basal striations, numerous mito

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16
Q

what makes up the filtration apparatus?

A

glomerular capillaries, glomerular BM, visceral layer of bowman’s cap, slit diaphragm

17
Q

what are the characteristics of glomerular capillaries and BM?

A

capillaries are fenestrated 90nm diameter, lack diaphragm. BM is 35nm much thinker than normal

18
Q

what does the visceral layer of bowman’s cap contain?

A

pedicles of podocytes around capillaries

19
Q

what is excluded from the ultrafikterate?

A

plasma molecules more than 4nm, 70kDa mass and negative charged.

20
Q

what can pass the filtration apparatus?

A

high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules like water, glucose,AA, urea and ions through. ALL passive transport

21
Q

what is juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

next to glomerulus:

  1. macula densa
  2. juxtaglomerular cells and 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells
22
Q

what is the function of juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

regulate blood volume and composition via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system/RAAS==>regulates BP

23
Q

what series of events lead to increase BP through juxtaglomerular apparatus effects?

A
  1. low Na in DCT==>macula densa paracrine effect on juxta cells to release renin into blood==>increased BP.
  2. fall in BP in afferent arteriole==> baroreceptors in arterioles stimulates symp activity to act on the heart via beta 1 receptors which also leads to renin production from juxta cells to increase bp.
24
Q

where are macula densa cells located at and what do they release?

A

located in the wall of DCT, they’re tall cells that release prostaglandins in response to low sodium which has a paracrine effect on juxta cells.

25
Q

where are juxta cells, what’s their origin and function?

A

in arteriole walls, modified SM cells and release renin into blood in response to macula densa cells.

26
Q

where are extraglomerular mesangial cells and what are their functions?

A

outside glomerulus and near arteriole, pale staining, secretion of proteins which stimulate RBC production and angiogenesis.

27
Q

what type of epi is bladder? and describe their appearance

A

transitional epi, from apical to basal==> dome shaped cells (can be binuclear), columnar and then cuboidal.

28
Q

what type of epi is ureter?and what type of muscle does its MM have?

A

transitional epi, smooth muscle

29
Q

what type of epi does urethra in males and females have?

A

males: prostatic is transitional, membranous is also trans, penile is pseudostratified columnar initially then stratified squamous distally.
Females: transitional initially, st.sq distally

Functional Histology (5 decks)

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