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Functional Histology > Alimentary > Flashcards

Alimentary Flashcards

1
Q

what type of epithelium does the masticatory mucosa have?

A

keratinised or sometimes parakeratinised stratified squamous epi

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2
Q

what is the term used to characterise nuclei in parakeratinised masticatory mucosa?

A

nuclei are pyknotic , aka highly condensed.

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3
Q

epithelium of lining mucosa?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous

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4
Q

what type of mucosa covers the tounge?

A

specialised mucosa that contains lingual papillae

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5
Q

which types of lingual papillae contain taste buds?

A

fungiform, circumvalate, foliate

NOT filiform

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6
Q

what is the origin of enamel?

A

forms from epithelial cells called ameloblasts

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7
Q

where does dentin. come from

A

secreted by odontoblasts (columnar epi cells)

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8
Q

origin of salivary glands?

A

oral cavity epithelium

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9
Q

epithelium of oesophagus?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous

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10
Q

what is the pattern of muscularis externa in upper middle and lower levels of oesophagus?

A

upper is striated, mixed in middle and smooth in lower 1/3.

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11
Q

what epithelium lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar

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12
Q

how does the lamina propria change in oesophogastric junction?

A

from loose CT to glandular CT

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13
Q

what are the cavities called in epi of stomach?

A

gastric pits that go till muscularis mucosa

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14
Q

what are rugae in stomach made out of?

A

submucosal folds

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15
Q

where are mamillated areas located?

A

stomach, for increase in SA for secretion

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16
Q

where are prietal cells located, what do they secrete and their nucleus location?

A

in stomach (neck region and upper parts of gastric pits) and secrete HCL and intrinsic factor (glycoprotein that complexes with VB12, centrally located nucleus

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17
Q

what do chief cells secrete and their nucleus location?

A

pepsinogen into stomach that converts to pepsin used to break down proteins-basal nucleus

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18
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells produce?

A

hormones e.g. gastrin

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19
Q

what is special about enteroendocrine cells’ secretions?

A

their secretions do not go to gastric pits, they go to LP and enter BV, OR act locally.

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20
Q

why are chief cells basophilic basally but eosinophilic in their cyto?

A

because of lots of rER below nucleus, but lots of zymogen granules in cyto

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21
Q

what are mucous neck cells?

A

these are STEM cells that give rise to surface mucous cells if they migrate up.
if they migrate down, they differentiate into parietal, chief and enteroendocrine cells.

22
Q

how can we differentiate different regions in the stomach?

A

by cell types in glands

and depth of gastric pits.

23
Q

what is the key gross characteristic of small intestine mucosa?

A

plicae circulares

24
Q

what is a lacteal and where are they usually located?

A

blind-ended lymphatic capillary in the lamina propria of the villus.

25
Q

where are paneth cells located and what do they produce?

A

in small intestine (base of glands) which contain refractile secretory granules containing bacterial lysozymes

26
Q

enterocytes have a ….. located nucleus.

A

basally

27
Q

what is the core of a microvillus and what is the significance of it?

A

actin microfillaments that insert into terminal web. upon contraction of the terminal web the microfilamets allow spread of microvilli to increase SA for absorption

28
Q

where are lipid droplets in small intestine located?

A

in vesicles of sER, they migrate out of enterocytes as chylomicrons to lacteals.

29
Q

features special for duodenum?

A

brunners glands in submucosa that drain their alkaline secretions into base of crypts of Lieberkuhn

30
Q

what part of small intestine is the principal site of absorption

A

jejunum

31
Q

what is the key feature of ileum?

A

peyers patches located in lamina propria of villi

32
Q

what organ does coeliac affect, and what does it cause?

A

small intestine epithelium, the villus undergoes atrophy and become flat, crypt hyperplasia which causes elongation of them, increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes

33
Q

what are the key characteristics of large intestine?

A

no villi/plicae circulares, still have crypts of lieberkuhn, same epithelium cell types except paneth cells, numerous goblet cells, very thick muscularis externa. teniae coli

34
Q

primary exocrine function of liver?

A

bile production

35
Q

endocrine function of liver?

A

modifies structure and function of hormones e.g. thyroxine

36
Q

where are portal triads located?

A

intra-lobularly

37
Q

how is the flow of blood and bile in the liver classified?

A

blood is centripetal-towards central vein

bile is centrifugal-from hepatocytes towards portal triad into bile duct

38
Q

what lines the hepatic sinusoids?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelial cells—have a discontinuous basal lamina
  2. kupffer cells
39
Q

where does central vein drain into?

A

sublobular vein which converge to form hepatic vein==>IVC

40
Q

what is the path of plasma in liver?

A

plasma left in perisinusoidal space==> periportal space/space of mall

41
Q

how is bile transported from hepatocytes around liver?

A

through bile canaliculi which are sealed by zonulae occludens to prevent leakage

42
Q

function of hepatic stellate cells?

A

store vitamin A in lipid droplets==> to retina==>forms rhodopsin
Also contributes to ECM remodelling post-trauma

43
Q

location of stellate cells?

A

liver perisinusoidal space/disse

44
Q

what type of cell lines the biliary tree?

A

cholangiocytes (cuboidal cells)

45
Q

pathway of bile ?

A

canaliculi==> intrahepatic ductules aka canals of Hering(lined with cholangiocytes)==>interlobular ducts at portal triad

46
Q

what controles bile secretion from gall bladder?

A

hormonal control of enteroendocrine cells cause smooth muscle contraction

47
Q

what type of epithelium does gallbladder have?

A

simple columnar with microvilli -no muscularis mucosa and no submucosa

48
Q

what are Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses?

A

formed by mucosa folds when gallbladder is empty- normally prone to inflammation and precursor of gallstones.

49
Q

describe the appearance of acinar cells of pancreas?

A

basophilic cyto at base of cell and many zymogen granules in apical part (acidophilia). The acini are composed of simple epithelium serous cells

50
Q

pathway of acinar cells products in pancreas?

A

interclated ducts (centroacinar cells)==> adds bicarbonate and water==> intra-lobular (non-striated)==> interlobular (columnar) duct

51
Q

main type of cells in endo pancreas? and their function?

A

islets of langerhan
They contain alpha cells: glucagon.
beta cells: insulin
delta cells: somatostatin

Functional Histology (5 decks)

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