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Anatomy for resit cause your stupid > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The socket for the hip joint

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2
Q

What is the obturator foramen largely closed off by?

A

The obturator membrane

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3
Q

What makes up the pubic arch?

A

2 ischo pubic rami coming together at the pubic symphysis

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4
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

The inguinal ligament

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5
Q

What forms the lateral surface of the pelvic inlet?

A

The pectin pubis

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6
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the pelvic inlet?

A

Ala of sacrum and sacral promontory

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7
Q

Function of Greater pelvis

A

Supports abdominal viscera

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8
Q

Another name for greater pelvis

A

False pelvis

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9
Q

Another name for lesser pelvis

A

True pelvis `

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10
Q

What part of the pelvis is the pubic tubercle located beside?

A

The pubic symphysis

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11
Q

Posterior border of pelvic outlet

A

tip of coccyx

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12
Q

Lateral border of pelvic outlet

A

ischial tuberosities

inferior margin of sacrotuberous ligament

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13
Q

Anterior border of pelvic outlet

A

Pubic arch

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14
Q

Subpubic angle in females

A

> 90

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15
Q

Subpubic angle in males

A

< 90

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16
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial plane

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17
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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18
Q

What is the narrowest diameter of the female pelvic outlet?

A

> 11 cm

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19
Q

What is the function of the sacrotuberus and the sacrospinous ligaments?

A

Both strengthen the sacroiliac joint

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20
Q

What do the sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments crossing form?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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21
Q

Where does the piriformis attach and go?

A

From sacrum
Through greater sciatic foramen
To greater trochanter of the femur

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22
Q

Action of the piriformis

A

Lateral hip rotation

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23
Q

Action of obturator internus

A

Lateral hip rotation

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24
Q

Where does the obturator internus attach and go?

A

Arises from obturator membrane and the area around
Goes through the lesser sciatic foramen
Attaches to the greater trochanter of the femur

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25
Q

Where does the sacral plexus lie?

A

On the posterior wall of the pelvis

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26
Q

Function of the pelvic floor

A

Divides the pelvis from the perineum

Supports the pelvic viscera

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27
Q

What are the components of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani muscles
Coccygeus
Fascia covering the muscles

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28
Q

Where does the coccygeus attach?

A

Edge of ischial spine and coccyx

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29
Q

Where does the levator ani attach?

A

Body of the pubis to the ischial spine

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30
Q

Function of levator ani

A

Supports pelvic viscera

Maintain urinary continence

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31
Q

What are the levator ani muscles?

A

Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis

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32
Q

What does the puborectalis form?

A

The anorectal sling

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33
Q

What space is the ischiorectal fossa found in?

A

Space between the

  • ischial tuberosity
  • sacrotuberus ligament
  • underside of levator ani
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34
Q

What is the ischiorectal fossa full of?

A

Fat

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35
Q

What is the ischiorectal fossa transversed with?

A

Nerves

Vessels

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36
Q

What area is the urogenital hiatus?

A

Area between the ischio-pubic rami

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37
Q

Contents of the urogenital hiatus

A

Dorsal vein of clitoris / penis
Urethra
Vagina

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38
Q

Innervation of the pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

Pudendal nerve

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39
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

Prolapsed bladder through vagina

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40
Q

What is a rectocele?

A

Front wall of rectum bulges into back of vagina

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41
Q

Function of an episiotomy

A

Prevents uncontrolled tearing of the perineal body

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42
Q

What is the most favourable direction of an episiotomy?

A

Mediolateral

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43
Q

The perineum is the whole area between…..

A

coccyx
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic symphysis

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44
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve emerge?

A

Just below the piriformis

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45
Q

What does the tunica vaginalis contain?

A

Visceral and parietal layers containing fluid

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46
Q

Branches of the superior gluteal artery

A

Internal pudendal artery

Middle rectal artery (supplying lower part of rectum)

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47
Q

Trajectory of the internal pudendal artery

A

Goes out the greater sciatic foramen
Wraps around the sacrospinous ligament
Goes back in through the lesser sciatic foramen

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48
Q

Branches of the internal iliac artery

A 
Superior and inferior vesical arteries
Uterine artery 
Middle and inferior rectal arteries 
Internal pudendal artery 
Obturator artery
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49
Q

What do the superior and inferior vesicle arteries supply?

A

Bladder
Seminal gland
Prostate

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50
Q

Function of an episiotomy

A

Prevents uncontrolled tearing of the perineal body

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51
Q

What is the most favourable direction of an episiotomy?

A

Mediolateral

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52
Q

The perineum is the whole area between…..

A

coccyx
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic symphysis

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53
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve emerge?

A

Just below the piriformis

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54
Q

What does the tunica vaginalis contain?

A

Visceral and parietal layers containing fluid

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55
Q

Branches of the superior gluteal artery

A

Internal pudendal artery

Middle rectal artery (supplying lower part of rectum)

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56
Q

Trajectory of the internal pudendal artery

A

Goes out the greater sciatic foramen
Wraps around the sacrospinous ligament
Goes back in through the lesser sciatic foramen

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57
Q

Branches of the internal iliac artery

A 
Superior and inferior vesical arteries
Uterine artery 
Middle and inferior rectal arteries 
Internal pudendal artery 
Obturator artery
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58
Q

What do the superior and inferior vesicle arteries supply?

A

Bladder
Seminal gland
Prostate

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59
Q

What does the uterine artery supply?

A

Uterus

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60
Q

What is the main artery to the perineum?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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61
Q

What does the obturator artery supply?

A

Thighs

Adductor region

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62
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries arise from?

A

The abdominal aorta

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63
Q

What are the gonadal arteries?

A

Testicular arteries

Ovarian arteries

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64
Q

Where does the superior rectal artery come from?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery

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65
Q

Where does the vaginal artery come from?

A

The uterine artery

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66
Q

Venous drainage of pelvis

A 
Internal iliac veins 
superior rectal vein 
median sacral vein 
gonadal veins 
internal vertebral veins
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67
Q

What does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on the posterior side?

A

The vertebral venous plexus

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68
Q

Where does the upper 1/3rd of the rectum drain?

A

The portal circulation

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69
Q

Where does the lower 2/3rds of the rectum drain?

A

Systemic circulation

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70
Q

Innervation of skin at root of penis and labia

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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71
Q

Nerve root of ilioinguinal nerve

A

L1

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72
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve enter at?

A

The superficial inguinal ring

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73
Q

Innervation of anterior scrotum and sensation to upper thigh

A

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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74
Q

Nerve roots of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

A

L1-2

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75
Q

Where does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve enter at?

A

The deep inguinal ring

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76
Q

Nerve roots of the pudendal nerve

A

S2-S4

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77
Q

What does the pudendal nerve follow?

A

The pudendal artery

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78
Q

What does the pudendal nerve split into?

A

Inferior rectal nerve
Dorsal nerve of penis
Scrotal nerve

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79
Q

What are the erectile structures?

A

Clitoris or bulb of vestibule

Corpora cavernosa of penis

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80
Q

What is used as a bony landmark for pudendal nerve block?

A

Ischial spine

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81
Q

When would a pudendal nerve block be used?

A

In childbirth

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82
Q

Autonomic supply to the pelvic organs is via what?

A

The pelvic plexus

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83
Q

What innervates the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the epididymis?

A

Sympathetic L1, L2 via hypogastric plexus

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84
Q

What innervates the female genital tract?

A

Sympathetic from pelvic and ovarian plexuses

Parasympathetic from S2-S4

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85
Q

What innervates erectile tissues in both male and female?

A

Parasympathetic from S2-S4 via hypogastric plexus

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86
Q

Innervation of the cremaster muscle

A

Genital branch of genito femoral nerve

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87
Q

What does the bulbospongious cover in females?

A

The vestibular gland

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88
Q

What are the erectile structures?

A

Clitoris or bulb of vestibule

Corpora cavernosa of penis

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89
Q

What is there a risk of during rectal surgery?

A

Failure to ejaculate due to injury to sympathetic nerves responsible for ejaculation

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90
Q

What are ovoid testes suspended in the scrotum by?

A

The spermatic cords

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91
Q

What do internal iliac lymph nodes drain?

A 
Gluteal region 
Deep structures of penis 
Deep perineum 
Inferior pelvic viscera
Prostate 
Seminal vesicle
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92
Q

What do the sacral nodes drain?

A

Postero-inferior pelvic structures
Inferior rectum
Prostate

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93
Q

What do the common iliac vessels drain?

A

External lymph nodes
Internal lymph nodes
Sacral lymph nodes

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94
Q

Function of the testis being outside of the body

A

Decreased temperature for sperm production

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95
Q

Contents of the spermatic cord

A

Blood vessels
Vas deferens
Nerves
Lymph vessels

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96
Q

What blood vessels are present in the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular artery

Pampiniform plexus

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97
Q

What nerves are present in spermatic cord?

A

Autonomic

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

98
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Collection of fluid around the testis

99
Q

What is haematocele?

A

Collection of blood around the testis

100
Q

Where do the testicular arteries arise?

A

L2

101
Q

Lymphatic drainage of testis

A

Lumbar nodes

Para-aortic nodes

102
Q

What do the testicular arteries cross?

A

Ureter

Lower part of external iliac artery

103
Q

Function of the pampiniform plexus

A

Testes temperature regulation

104
Q

Where do the right testicular vein drain into?

A

IVC

105
Q

What does the prostate produce?

A

Prostate fluid - a main component (50% of semen)

106
Q

Parts of the urethra

A

Pre-prostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongey

107
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Enlargement of veins in the scrotum

108
Q

What does the vas deferens form?

A

Ejaculatory duct

109
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

Semen

110
Q

What does semen contain?

A

Fructose

111
Q

What does the prostate produce?

A

Prostate fluid - a main component (50% of semen)

112
Q

What does prostate fluid contain?

A

Citric acid

Proteolytic enzymes

113
Q

Another name for bulbourethral glands

A

Cowpers glands

114
Q

Where is the bulbourethral glands found?

A

In the urogenital diaphragm

115
Q

Histology - What is found in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules in the testis?

A

Spermatozoa

116
Q

Function of bulbourethral glands

A

Produce pre-ejaculate/mucus during sexual arousal

117
Q

What is pre-ejaculate?

A

An alkaline mucous secretion that is produced in response to sexual stimulation to help protect sperm during ejaculation as it passes through the urethra

118
Q

Lymphatic drainage of scrotum

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

119
Q

Lymphatic drainage of skin of penis

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

120
Q

Histology - What cells are found in the testis in the interstitial spaces between the tubules?

A

Leydig cells

121
Q

What is seen on the histology of the prostate?

A

Serous alveoli with infolding epithelium

122
Q

What does the broad ligament connect to?

A

Connected to both uterus and ovaries

Ovary to lateral pelvic wall

123
Q

Appearance of seminal vesicles on histology

A

Highly recessed irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving a honeycomb appearance
Well developed muscular externa

124
Q

Appearance of ductus deferens on histology

A

Lumen stellate in shape (star)
Thick walled muscular tube
Longitudinal folds

125
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

126
Q

Function of the broad ligament

A

Keeps the uterus central

127
Q

What does the ovarian ligament lie within?

A

The broad ligament

128
Q

What does the ovarian ligament connect to?

A

Connects ovary to the side of the uterus (just below origins of fallopian tube)

129
Q

What does the round ligament attach to?

A

Origin uterine horns
Attaches to the labia majora
Passes through the inguinal canal

130
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

A fold in the perineum

131
Q

What does the suspensory ligament contain?

A

Ovarian vessels and nerves

132
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus a remnant of?

A

Embryonic gubernaculum

133
Q

What does the round ligament attach to?

A

Origin uterine horns

Attaches to the labia majora

134
Q

What does the cardinal ligament / lateral cervical ligament attach to?

A

Base of broad ligament

Extends from cervix to lateral pelvic wall

135
Q

What does the cardinal ligament contain?

A

Uterine arteries and veins

136
Q

What does the uterosacral ligament connect to?

A

Extends from cervix to sacrum

137
Q

Normal position of the uterus

A

Anteverted

Anteflexed

138
Q

What part of the uterus is the lower segment of the uterus formed from in pregnancy?

A

Isthmus and cervix

139
Q

What is a C section?

A

Uterus opened at lower segment with a transverse incision

140
Q

Another name for the rectouterine pouch

A

Pouch of Douglas

141
Q

What can a retroverted retroflexed uterus result in, especially in early pregnancy?

A

Uterine prolapse

142
Q

Why is it important in the surgical management of miscarriage to know the position of the uterus?

A

To minimise the risk of perforation of the uterus with instrumentation

143
Q

What part of the fallopian tube is the longest and widest?

A

Ampulla

144
Q

What is the posterior fornix used for clinically?

A

can access pouch of douglas for culdocentesis

145
Q

Ligaments of support to the uterus

A

Cardinal/lateral cervical ligament
Pubocervical ligament
Sacrocervical ligament (fascial)
Pelvic diaphragm

146
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla

147
Q

What does the ovarian artery supply and via what?

A

Ovaries

Via the broad ligament

148
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries arise from?

A

The gonadal arteries

149
Q

What does the ovarian artery supply and via what?

A

Ovaries

Via the broad ligament

150
Q

What do the ovarian arteries descend in?

A

The suspensory ligament of the ovary

151
Q

What is the uterine artery a branch of?

A

internal iliac artery

152
Q

Function of bartholins gland

A

Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina

153
Q

Where does the uterine artery cross the ureter?

A

At the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral fornices of the vagina

154
Q

Journey of the uterine artery

A

Crosses of ureter

155
Q

Where does the uterine artery cross the ureter?

A

At the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral fornices of the vagina

156
Q

When is the ureter commonly injured?

A

During hysterectomy

157
Q

What are the labia and distal vagina drained by?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

158
Q

What are the ovaries drained by?

A

Para-aortic nodes

159
Q

What are the fundus and upper uterine body drained by?

A

Pre/para-aortic nodes

160
Q

What are the most part of the uterine body drained by?

A

External iliac lymph nodes

161
Q

What is the uterine cervix and upper vagina drained by?

A

Internal iliac nodes

Sacral (opening of cervix)

162
Q

What is the lower vagina drained by?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

163
Q

How many lobes does the breast have?

A

15-25 lobes

164
Q

What is the parenchyma of the breast?

A

Tubuloacinar gland

165
Q

Surface anatomy of the breast

A

2nd - 6th rib

Horizontally from lateral border of sternum to the mid axillary line

166
Q

What lies on the deep surface of the breast?

A

Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
External oblique

167
Q

Subclavian and axillary artery branches to supply the breast

A

Lateral thoracic artery
Internal thoracic artery
(same veins)

168
Q

Main lymphatic groups draining the breast

A

Axillary nodes
Pectoral nodes
Supraclavicular nodes

169
Q

Divisions of the axillary nodes

A 
Apical 
Infraclavicular
Parasternal 
Subscapular 
Humeral
170
Q

Histology - in active breast (pregnancy), what is adipose tissue replaced by?

A

Glandular tissue

171
Q

What is seen on the foetal side of the placenta?

A

Umbilical vessels
Amnion
Smooth
Bears attachment of umbilical cord

172
Q

What are the two sides of the placenta?

A

Foetal

Maternal

173
Q

What are seen on the maternal side of the placenta?

A

Rough
Spongey
Cotyledon
Grooves

174
Q

What is found in a cross section of the umbilical cord?

A

2 umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
Wartons jelly

175
Q

What do umbilical arteries carry?

A

Deoxygenated nutrient depleted blood from the foetus to the placenta

176
Q

What persists during foetal circulation?

A

Left umbilical vein

177
Q

What do umbilical veins carry?

A

Oxygen nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the foetus

178
Q

What two triangles are found in the perineum?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

179
Q

Where is the urogenital triangle found?

A

Inferior to pubic symphysis

180
Q

Where is the anal triangle found?

A

Anteroinferior to coccyx

181
Q

Where does the perineal fascia attach?

A

Stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis

182
Q

Anterior border of the perineum

A

Pubic symphysis

183
Q

Posterior border of the perineum

A

Tip of coccyx

184
Q

Lateral borders of the perineum

A

Inferior pubic rami
Inferior ischial rami
Sacrotuberous ligament

185
Q

What makes up the roof of perineum?

A

Pelvic floor

186
Q

What makes up the base of the perineum?

A

Skin and fascia

187
Q

What are the perineal muscles?

A

Ischiocavernous
Bulbospongiosus
External anal sphincter
Transverse perineal muscle

188
Q

Function of the external anal sphincter

A

Keeps the anal canal and orifice shut

189
Q

Innervation of external anal sphincter

A

Perineal branches of Pudendal nerve

190
Q

Innervation of bulbospongiosus

A

Pudendal nerve

191
Q

Function of bulbospongiosus

A

In males - removal of residual urine from urethra after urination and pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation
Compress urethra
Closes vaginal canal in females
Facilitates ejection of clitoris

192
Q

Innervation of ischiocavernous

A

Pudendal nerve

193
Q

Innervation of superficial and deep transverse muscles

A

Pudendal nerve

194
Q

Function of the superficial and deep transverse muscles

A

Stabilises position of the perineal body

195
Q

Innervation of the external urethral sphincter

A

Perineal branches of pudendal nerve

196
Q

Function of external urethral sphincter

A

Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence

197
Q

What lies over the anterior perineal muscles?

A

Perineal fascia

198
Q

Function of the perineal body

A

Point of attachment for muscle fibres of the pelvic floor and perineum.
Final support of pelvic viscera

199
Q

Muscles that converge at the perineal body

A

Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles
Bulbospongiosus
Levator ani
External anal sphincter

200
Q

What are the superficial and deep perineal pouches?

A

Fascia limited, potential spaces transversed by the urethra

201
Q

What can the superficial and deep perineal pouches by infiltrated by and when?

A

Urine

Following injury to the urethra

202
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found?

A

Subcutaneous perineal space

203
Q

Where is the internal urethral sphincter found?

A

Superficial perineal space

204
Q

What is found in the deep perineal pouch?

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle

205
Q

What is found in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Crus of penis (corpus cavernosum)
Corpus spongiosus
Urethra

206
Q

Widest part of male urethra

A

Prostatic

207
Q

Narrowest part of male urethra

A

Membranous

208
Q

Function of the ischio-anal/rectal fossa

A

Allows the anal canal to expand during defaecation

209
Q

What is found in the ischio-anal/rectal fossa

A

Alcock’s canal

210
Q

Where does the ischio-anal/rectal fossa lie?

A

Inferior to pelvic floor

Lateral to anal canal

211
Q

Whats another name for alcocks canal?

A

Pudendal canal

212
Q

Where does the pudendal canal go through?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

213
Q

What is found inside the pudendal canal?

A

Internal pudendal artery
Internal pudendal vein
Pudendal nerve

214
Q

What is found outside the pudendal canal?

A

Inferior rectal artery
Inferior rectal vein
Inferior anal nerves
Fatty tissue

215
Q

What does the internal pudendal vein drain?

A

Receives veins from urethral bulb, perianal and inferior haemorrhoid veins

216
Q

What does a ischio-anal abscess lead to?

A

Fistula

217
Q

Function of ischiocavernosus muscle

A

Stabilises erect penis
Tense vagina during orgasm
Compresses crus penis and retards the return of the blood through the veins therefore organ maintains erect

218
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

Support and nourish developing spermatozoa

219
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Accumulation, storage and maturation of spermatozoa

220
Q

Epithelium of epididymis

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

221
Q

Epithelium of ductus deferens

A

Pseudostratified columnar

222
Q

Epithelium of vagina

A

Stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium

223
Q

Function of the placenta

A

Metabolism - synthesis of glycogen
Transports of gases and nutrients
Endocrine secretion - HCG

224
Q

What is the upper segment of the uterus formed from in pregnancy?

A

Body of uterus

225
Q

Why does childbirth commonly injure the pelvic floor during childbirth?

A

Due to weaknesses at the perineal body

226
Q

Why may an episiotomy minimise long term damage?

A

Bleeds quickly but heals quicker

227
Q

What can be felt in a rectal exam in males and females?

A 
M = prostate
F = tampon
228
Q

Why might haemorrhoids be Assosiated with cirrhosis of the liver?

A

Liver cirrhosis causes portal HTN which could cause haemorrhoids

229
Q

Why might an enlarged prostate cause retention of urine?

A

Obstructs the urinary tract at the urethra

230
Q

What is meant by a tubal/ectopic pregnancy?

A

Egg implants outwith the uterine cavvity

231
Q

After pregnancy what may happen to the ovary?

A

It may be displaced

232
Q

After ageing, what may happen to the ovary?

A

Atophy and fibrous

233
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

The trophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium

234
Q

What does the placenta form?

A

A link for physiological exchange between maternal and foetal circulation

235
Q

When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

Third stage of labour after delivery of the foetus

236
Q

Function of vas deferens

A

Transports sperm from epididymis to urethra

237
Q

What is affixed to the perineal membrane?

A

External genitalia

238
Q

Function of episiotomy

A

To prevent uncontrolled tearing of the perineal body

To prevent extension of perineal tear into the anal sphincter

239
Q

What can happen if the prostate of men becomes enlarged?

A

Urinary retention

240
Q

Why does the ischo-anal/rectal fossa often a site for abscess formation?

A

Poorly vascularised

Vulnerable to infection from anal canal

Anatomy for resit cause your stupid (9 decks)

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