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Anatomy for resit cause your stupid > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The socket for the hip joint

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2
Q

What is the obturator foramen largely closed off by?

A

The obturator membrane

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3
Q

What makes up the pubic arch?

A

2 ischo pubic rami coming together at the pubic symphysis

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4
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

The inguinal ligament

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5
Q

What forms the lateral surface of the pelvic inlet?

A

The pectin pubis

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6
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the pelvic inlet?

A

Ala of sacrum and sacral promontory

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7
Q

Function of Greater pelvis

A

Supports abdominal viscera

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8
Q

Another name for greater pelvis

A

False pelvis

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9
Q

Another name for lesser pelvis

A

True pelvis `

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10
Q

What part of the pelvis is the pubic tubercle located beside?

A

The pubic symphysis

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11
Q

Posterior border of pelvic outlet

A

tip of coccyx

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12
Q

Lateral border of pelvic outlet

A

ischial tuberosities

inferior margin of sacrotuberous ligament

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13
Q

Anterior border of pelvic outlet

A

Pubic arch

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14
Q

Subpubic angle in females

A

> 90

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15
Q

Subpubic angle in males

A

< 90

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16
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial plane

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17
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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18
Q

What is the narrowest diameter of the female pelvic outlet?

A

> 11 cm

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19
Q

What is the function of the sacrotuberus and the sacrospinous ligaments?

A

Both strengthen the sacroiliac joint

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20
Q

What do the sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments crossing form?

A

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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21
Q

Where does the piriformis attach and go?

A

From sacrum
Through greater sciatic foramen
To greater trochanter of the femur

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22
Q

Action of the piriformis

A

Lateral hip rotation

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23
Q

Action of obturator internus

A

Lateral hip rotation

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24
Q

Where does the obturator internus attach and go?

A

Arises from obturator membrane and the area around
Goes through the lesser sciatic foramen
Attaches to the greater trochanter of the femur

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25
Where does the sacral plexus lie?
On the posterior wall of the pelvis
26
Function of the pelvic floor
Divides the pelvis from the perineum | Supports the pelvic viscera
27
What are the components of the pelvic floor?
Levator ani muscles Coccygeus Fascia covering the muscles
28
Where does the coccygeus attach?
Edge of ischial spine and coccyx
29
Where does the levator ani attach?
Body of the pubis to the ischial spine
30
Function of levator ani
Supports pelvic viscera | Maintain urinary continence
31
What are the levator ani muscles?
Iliococcygeus Pubococcygeus Puborectalis
32
What does the puborectalis form?
The anorectal sling
33
What space is the ischiorectal fossa found in?
Space between the - ischial tuberosity - sacrotuberus ligament - underside of levator ani
34
What is the ischiorectal fossa full of?
Fat
35
What is the ischiorectal fossa transversed with?
Nerves | Vessels
36
What area is the urogenital hiatus?
Area between the ischio-pubic rami
37
Contents of the urogenital hiatus
Dorsal vein of clitoris / penis Urethra Vagina
38
Innervation of the pelvic diaphragm/floor
Pudendal nerve
39
What is a cystocele?
Prolapsed bladder through vagina
40
What is a rectocele?
Front wall of rectum bulges into back of vagina
41
Function of an episiotomy
Prevents uncontrolled tearing of the perineal body
42
What is the most favourable direction of an episiotomy?
Mediolateral
43
The perineum is the whole area between.....
coccyx Ischial tuberosity Pubic symphysis
44
Where does the sciatic nerve emerge?
Just below the piriformis
45
What does the tunica vaginalis contain?
Visceral and parietal layers containing fluid
46
Branches of the superior gluteal artery
Internal pudendal artery | Middle rectal artery (supplying lower part of rectum)
47
Trajectory of the internal pudendal artery
Goes out the greater sciatic foramen Wraps around the sacrospinous ligament Goes back in through the lesser sciatic foramen
48
Branches of the internal iliac artery
``` Superior and inferior vesical arteries Uterine artery Middle and inferior rectal arteries Internal pudendal artery Obturator artery ```
49
What do the superior and inferior vesicle arteries supply?
Bladder Seminal gland Prostate
50
Function of an episiotomy
Prevents uncontrolled tearing of the perineal body
51
What is the most favourable direction of an episiotomy?
Mediolateral
52
The perineum is the whole area between.....
coccyx Ischial tuberosity Pubic symphysis
53
Where does the sciatic nerve emerge?
Just below the piriformis
54
What does the tunica vaginalis contain?
Visceral and parietal layers containing fluid
55
Branches of the superior gluteal artery
Internal pudendal artery | Middle rectal artery (supplying lower part of rectum)
56
Trajectory of the internal pudendal artery
Goes out the greater sciatic foramen Wraps around the sacrospinous ligament Goes back in through the lesser sciatic foramen
57
Branches of the internal iliac artery
``` Superior and inferior vesical arteries Uterine artery Middle and inferior rectal arteries Internal pudendal artery Obturator artery ```
58
What do the superior and inferior vesicle arteries supply?
Bladder Seminal gland Prostate
59
What does the uterine artery supply?
Uterus
60
What is the main artery to the perineum?
Internal pudendal artery
61
What does the obturator artery supply?
Thighs | Adductor region
62
Where do the gonadal arteries arise from?
The abdominal aorta
63
What are the gonadal arteries?
Testicular arteries | Ovarian arteries
64
Where does the superior rectal artery come from?
The inferior mesenteric artery
65
Where does the vaginal artery come from?
The uterine artery
66
Venous drainage of pelvis
``` Internal iliac veins superior rectal vein median sacral vein gonadal veins internal vertebral veins ```
67
What does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on the posterior side?
The vertebral venous plexus
68
Where does the upper 1/3rd of the rectum drain?
The portal circulation
69
Where does the lower 2/3rds of the rectum drain?
Systemic circulation
70
Innervation of skin at root of penis and labia
Ilioinguinal nerve
71
Nerve root of ilioinguinal nerve
L1
72
Where does the ilioinguinal nerve enter at?
The superficial inguinal ring
73
Innervation of anterior scrotum and sensation to upper thigh
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
74
Nerve roots of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
L1-2
75
Where does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve enter at?
The deep inguinal ring
76
Nerve roots of the pudendal nerve
S2-S4
77
What does the pudendal nerve follow?
The pudendal artery
78
What does the pudendal nerve split into?
Inferior rectal nerve Dorsal nerve of penis Scrotal nerve
79
What are the erectile structures?
Clitoris or bulb of vestibule | Corpora cavernosa of penis
80
What is used as a bony landmark for pudendal nerve block?
Ischial spine
81
When would a pudendal nerve block be used?
In childbirth
82
Autonomic supply to the pelvic organs is via what?
The pelvic plexus
83
What innervates the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate and the epididymis?
Sympathetic L1, L2 via hypogastric plexus
84
What innervates the female genital tract?
Sympathetic from pelvic and ovarian plexuses | Parasympathetic from S2-S4
85
What innervates erectile tissues in both male and female?
Parasympathetic from S2-S4 via hypogastric plexus
86
Innervation of the cremaster muscle
Genital branch of genito femoral nerve
87
What does the bulbospongious cover in females?
The vestibular gland
88
What are the erectile structures?
Clitoris or bulb of vestibule | Corpora cavernosa of penis
89
What is there a risk of during rectal surgery?
Failure to ejaculate due to injury to sympathetic nerves responsible for ejaculation
90
What are ovoid testes suspended in the scrotum by?
The spermatic cords
91
What do internal iliac lymph nodes drain?
``` Gluteal region Deep structures of penis Deep perineum Inferior pelvic viscera Prostate Seminal vesicle ```
92
What do the sacral nodes drain?
Postero-inferior pelvic structures Inferior rectum Prostate
93
What do the common iliac vessels drain?
External lymph nodes Internal lymph nodes Sacral lymph nodes
94
Function of the testis being outside of the body
Decreased temperature for sperm production
95
Contents of the spermatic cord
Blood vessels Vas deferens Nerves Lymph vessels
96
What blood vessels are present in the spermatic cord?
Testicular artery | Pampiniform plexus
97
What nerves are present in spermatic cord?
Autonomic | Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
98
What is hydrocele?
Collection of fluid around the testis
99
What is haematocele?
Collection of blood around the testis
100
Where do the testicular arteries arise?
L2
101
Lymphatic drainage of testis
Lumbar nodes | Para-aortic nodes
102
What do the testicular arteries cross?
Ureter | Lower part of external iliac artery
103
Function of the pampiniform plexus
Testes temperature regulation
104
Where do the right testicular vein drain into?
IVC
105
What does the prostate produce?
Prostate fluid - a main component (50% of semen)
106
Parts of the urethra
Pre-prostatic Prostatic Membranous Spongey
107
What is varicocele?
Enlargement of veins in the scrotum
108
What does the vas deferens form?
Ejaculatory duct
109
What do the seminal vesicles produce?
Semen
110
What does semen contain?
Fructose
111
What does the prostate produce?
Prostate fluid - a main component (50% of semen)
112
What does prostate fluid contain?
Citric acid | Proteolytic enzymes
113
Another name for bulbourethral glands
Cowpers glands
114
Where is the bulbourethral glands found?
In the urogenital diaphragm
115
Histology - What is found in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules in the testis?
Spermatozoa
116
Function of bulbourethral glands
Produce pre-ejaculate/mucus during sexual arousal
117
What is pre-ejaculate?
An alkaline mucous secretion that is produced in response to sexual stimulation to help protect sperm during ejaculation as it passes through the urethra
118
Lymphatic drainage of scrotum
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
119
Lymphatic drainage of skin of penis
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
120
Histology - What cells are found in the testis in the interstitial spaces between the tubules?
Leydig cells
121
What is seen on the histology of the prostate?
Serous alveoli with infolding epithelium
122
What does the broad ligament connect to?
Connected to both uterus and ovaries | Ovary to lateral pelvic wall
123
Appearance of seminal vesicles on histology
Highly recessed irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving a honeycomb appearance Well developed muscular externa
124
Appearance of ductus deferens on histology
Lumen stellate in shape (star) Thick walled muscular tube Longitudinal folds
125
3 layers of the uterus
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium
126
Function of the broad ligament
Keeps the uterus central
127
What does the ovarian ligament lie within?
The broad ligament
128
What does the ovarian ligament connect to?
Connects ovary to the side of the uterus (just below origins of fallopian tube)
129
What does the round ligament attach to?
Origin uterine horns Attaches to the labia majora Passes through the inguinal canal
130
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
A fold in the perineum
131
What does the suspensory ligament contain?
Ovarian vessels and nerves
132
What is the round ligament of the uterus a remnant of?
Embryonic gubernaculum
133
What does the round ligament attach to?
Origin uterine horns | Attaches to the labia majora
134
What does the cardinal ligament / lateral cervical ligament attach to?
Base of broad ligament | Extends from cervix to lateral pelvic wall
135
What does the cardinal ligament contain?
Uterine arteries and veins
136
What does the uterosacral ligament connect to?
Extends from cervix to sacrum
137
Normal position of the uterus
Anteverted | Anteflexed
138
What part of the uterus is the lower segment of the uterus formed from in pregnancy?
Isthmus and cervix
139
What is a C section?
Uterus opened at lower segment with a transverse incision
140
Another name for the rectouterine pouch
Pouch of Douglas
141
What can a retroverted retroflexed uterus result in, especially in early pregnancy?
Uterine prolapse
142
Why is it important in the surgical management of miscarriage to know the position of the uterus?
To minimise the risk of perforation of the uterus with instrumentation
143
What part of the fallopian tube is the longest and widest?
Ampulla
144
What is the posterior fornix used for clinically?
can access pouch of douglas for culdocentesis
145
Ligaments of support to the uterus
Cardinal/lateral cervical ligament Pubocervical ligament Sacrocervical ligament (fascial) Pelvic diaphragm
146
Where does fertilisation occur?
In the ampulla
147
What does the ovarian artery supply and via what?
Ovaries | Via the broad ligament
148
Where do the gonadal arteries arise from?
The gonadal arteries
149
What does the ovarian artery supply and via what?
Ovaries | Via the broad ligament
150
What do the ovarian arteries descend in?
The suspensory ligament of the ovary
151
What is the uterine artery a branch of?
internal iliac artery
152
Function of bartholins gland
Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina
153
Where does the uterine artery cross the ureter?
At the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral fornices of the vagina
154
Journey of the uterine artery
Crosses of ureter
155
Where does the uterine artery cross the ureter?
At the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral fornices of the vagina
156
When is the ureter commonly injured?
During hysterectomy
157
What are the labia and distal vagina drained by?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
158
What are the ovaries drained by?
Para-aortic nodes
159
What are the fundus and upper uterine body drained by?
Pre/para-aortic nodes
160
What are the most part of the uterine body drained by?
External iliac lymph nodes
161
What is the uterine cervix and upper vagina drained by?
Internal iliac nodes | Sacral (opening of cervix)
162
What is the lower vagina drained by?
Superficial inguinal nodes
163
How many lobes does the breast have?
15-25 lobes
164
What is the parenchyma of the breast?
Tubuloacinar gland
165
Surface anatomy of the breast
2nd - 6th rib | Horizontally from lateral border of sternum to the mid axillary line
166
What lies on the deep surface of the breast?
Pectoralis major Serratus anterior External oblique
167
Subclavian and axillary artery branches to supply the breast
Lateral thoracic artery Internal thoracic artery (same veins)
168
Main lymphatic groups draining the breast
Axillary nodes Pectoral nodes Supraclavicular nodes
169
Divisions of the axillary nodes
``` Apical Infraclavicular Parasternal Subscapular Humeral ```
170
Histology - in active breast (pregnancy), what is adipose tissue replaced by?
Glandular tissue
171
What is seen on the foetal side of the placenta?
Umbilical vessels Amnion Smooth Bears attachment of umbilical cord
172
What are the two sides of the placenta?
Foetal | Maternal
173
What are seen on the maternal side of the placenta?
Rough Spongey Cotyledon Grooves
174
What is found in a cross section of the umbilical cord?
2 umbilical arteries Umbilical vein Wartons jelly
175
What do umbilical arteries carry?
Deoxygenated nutrient depleted blood from the foetus to the placenta
176
What persists during foetal circulation?
Left umbilical vein
177
What do umbilical veins carry?
Oxygen nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the foetus
178
What two triangles are found in the perineum?
Urogenital triangle | Anal triangle
179
Where is the urogenital triangle found?
Inferior to pubic symphysis
180
Where is the anal triangle found?
Anteroinferior to coccyx
181
Where does the perineal fascia attach?
Stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis
182
Anterior border of the perineum
Pubic symphysis
183
Posterior border of the perineum
Tip of coccyx
184
Lateral borders of the perineum
Inferior pubic rami Inferior ischial rami Sacrotuberous ligament
185
What makes up the roof of perineum?
Pelvic floor
186
What makes up the base of the perineum?
Skin and fascia
187
What are the perineal muscles?
Ischiocavernous Bulbospongiosus External anal sphincter Transverse perineal muscle
188
Function of the external anal sphincter
Keeps the anal canal and orifice shut
189
Innervation of external anal sphincter
Perineal branches of Pudendal nerve
190
Innervation of bulbospongiosus
Pudendal nerve
191
Function of bulbospongiosus
In males - removal of residual urine from urethra after urination and pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation Compress urethra Closes vaginal canal in females Facilitates ejection of clitoris
192
Innervation of ischiocavernous
Pudendal nerve
193
Innervation of superficial and deep transverse muscles
Pudendal nerve
194
Function of the superficial and deep transverse muscles
Stabilises position of the perineal body
195
Innervation of the external urethral sphincter
Perineal branches of pudendal nerve
196
Function of external urethral sphincter
Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence
197
What lies over the anterior perineal muscles?
Perineal fascia
198
Function of the perineal body
Point of attachment for muscle fibres of the pelvic floor and perineum. Final support of pelvic viscera
199
Muscles that converge at the perineal body
Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles Bulbospongiosus Levator ani External anal sphincter
200
What are the superficial and deep perineal pouches?
Fascia limited, potential spaces transversed by the urethra
201
What can the superficial and deep perineal pouches by infiltrated by and when?
Urine | Following injury to the urethra
202
Where is the external urethral sphincter found?
Subcutaneous perineal space
203
Where is the internal urethral sphincter found?
Superficial perineal space
204
What is found in the deep perineal pouch?
Deep transverse perineal muscle
205
What is found in the superficial perineal pouch?
Crus of penis (corpus cavernosum) Corpus spongiosus Urethra
206
Widest part of male urethra
Prostatic
207
Narrowest part of male urethra
Membranous
208
Function of the ischio-anal/rectal fossa
Allows the anal canal to expand during defaecation
209
What is found in the ischio-anal/rectal fossa
Alcock's canal
210
Where does the ischio-anal/rectal fossa lie?
Inferior to pelvic floor | Lateral to anal canal
211
Whats another name for alcocks canal?
Pudendal canal
212
Where does the pudendal canal go through?
Lesser sciatic foramen
213
What is found inside the pudendal canal?
Internal pudendal artery Internal pudendal vein Pudendal nerve
214
What is found outside the pudendal canal?
Inferior rectal artery Inferior rectal vein Inferior anal nerves Fatty tissue
215
What does the internal pudendal vein drain?
Receives veins from urethral bulb, perianal and inferior haemorrhoid veins
216
What does a ischio-anal abscess lead to?
Fistula
217
Function of ischiocavernosus muscle
Stabilises erect penis Tense vagina during orgasm Compresses crus penis and retards the return of the blood through the veins therefore organ maintains erect
218
Function of Sertoli cells
Support and nourish developing spermatozoa
219
Function of epididymis
Accumulation, storage and maturation of spermatozoa
220
Epithelium of epididymis
Pseudostratified epithelium
221
Epithelium of ductus deferens
Pseudostratified columnar
222
Epithelium of vagina
Stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium
223
Function of the placenta
Metabolism - synthesis of glycogen Transports of gases and nutrients Endocrine secretion - HCG
224
What is the upper segment of the uterus formed from in pregnancy?
Body of uterus
225
Why does childbirth commonly injure the pelvic floor during childbirth?
Due to weaknesses at the perineal body
226
Why may an episiotomy minimise long term damage?
Bleeds quickly but heals quicker
227
What can be felt in a rectal exam in males and females?
``` M = prostate F = tampon ```
228
Why might haemorrhoids be Assosiated with cirrhosis of the liver?
Liver cirrhosis causes portal HTN which could cause haemorrhoids
229
Why might an enlarged prostate cause retention of urine?
Obstructs the urinary tract at the urethra
230
What is meant by a tubal/ectopic pregnancy?
Egg implants outwith the uterine cavvity
231
After pregnancy what may happen to the ovary?
It may be displaced
232
After ageing, what may happen to the ovary?
Atophy and fibrous
233
What does the placenta develop from?
The trophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium
234
What does the placenta form?
A link for physiological exchange between maternal and foetal circulation
235
When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?
Third stage of labour after delivery of the foetus
236
Function of vas deferens
Transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
237
What is affixed to the perineal membrane?
External genitalia
238
Function of episiotomy
To prevent uncontrolled tearing of the perineal body | To prevent extension of perineal tear into the anal sphincter
239
What can happen if the prostate of men becomes enlarged?
Urinary retention
240
Why does the ischo-anal/rectal fossa often a site for abscess formation?
Poorly vascularised | Vulnerable to infection from anal canal

Anatomy for resit cause your stupid (9 decks)

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