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1
Q

In what stage are oocytes frozen until induced to differentiate prior to ovulation?

A

Prophase 1 of Meiosis I (1 oocyte)

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2
Q

In what stage are oocytes frozen until fertilization?

A

Metaphase of Meoisis II (2 oocyte)

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3
Q

Hormone that increases maternal insulin resistance, freeing more glucose for fetus, and increases maternal lipolysis and proteolysis

A

Human Placental Lactogen

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4
Q

Human Placental Lactogen is similar structurally to what other hormones?

A

Prolactin and GH

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5
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Ovary

A

Simple cuboidal, “germinal”

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6
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Fallopian Tube

A

Simple columnar, ciliated and peg cells

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7
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Cervix

A 
Simple columnar (endocervix)
Stratified squmaous (exocervix)
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8
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Vagina

A

Stratified squamous, non-keratinized, contains glycogen

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9
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Ovary

A

Serous, mucinous, endometroid, clear cell, Brenner

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10
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Fallopian Tube

A

Tumors are rare here!

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11
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Uterus

A

Endometroid carcinoma

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12
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Vagina

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Estrogen secreting primary ovarian tumor
Call-Exner bodies: small follicle-like structures filled with eosinophilic secretions
Cause abnormal uterine bleeding

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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14
Q

Breast tumor made of solid sheets of pleiomorphic cells Central necrosis
Chronic inflammation
Periductal concentric fibrosis
Calcification

A

Comedocarcinoma

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15
Q

Endometriosis can result in what distortion of organ structure?

A

Fixed retroversion

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?

A

Deep inguinal nodes

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17
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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18
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes?

A

Para-aortic nodes

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19
Q

What is the result of Mullerian Aplasia?

A

Vaginal agenesis: no upper vagina, variable uterine dev
Presents with primary amenorrhea due to lack of uterus
Normal ovaries and secondary sex chars

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20
Q

What must be checked for in Mullerian Aplasia

A

Renal abnormalities, 50% have urological abnormality

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21
Q

What is the MOA of MIfepristone?

A

Progesterone antagonist

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22
Q

What is the indication of Mifepristone?

A

Therapeutic abortion with Misoprotol

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23
Q

What is the MOA of Misoprostol?

A

PGE analog

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24
Q

When does estrogen peak in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase, causing LH surge + ovulation

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25
When does progesterone peak in the menstrual cycle?
Mid-luteal phase, after ovulation, to maintain endometrium and allow for implantation
26
What is adenomyosis?
Endometrial glandular tissue in the myometrium of the uterus
27
What are some distinguishing characteristics of Patau Syndrome (trisomy 13)?
Small head, polydactyly, rocker bottom feet, omphalocele
28
What are some distinguishing characteristics of Edward Syndrome (trisomy 18)?
Prominent occiput, clenched fist, rocker bottom feet, omphalocele
29
What are some distinguishing characteristics of Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)?
Flat head, palmar crease, hirschsprung
30
What is the Rx (3 options) for PCOS?
OCPs (suppress LH) 5a reductase inhibitors (Finasteride) Testosterone receptor antags (Spironolactone)
31
What is endometritis?
Infection of uterus, usually follows delivery | - Fever, leukocytosis, uterine tenderness, foul discharge
32
What is the most common cause of endometritis?
Bacterioides
33
What is the MOA of OCPs?
Inhibit ovulation by decreased synthesis of FSH and LH in ant pit
34
What syndrome is characterized by cystic hygroma, lymphedema, and aortic coarctation at birth?
Turner's, XO
35
What causes physiological apoptosis of endometrial cells?
Withdrawal of progesterone
36
What is the underlying defect in Kallman syndrome?
Failure of GnRH secreting neurons to migrate from their origin in the olfactory placode tot he hypothalamus
37
What are the symptoms of Kallman Syndrome?
Anosmia +/- cleft palate Hypogonadism (delayed puberty and small testes) Adrenarche occurs normally (some public hair)
38
What all can an increased maternal serum AFP indicate?
Neural tube defects: anencephaly, spina bifida Ventral wall defects: omphalocele, gastrorchisis Multiple gestation
39
What can a decreased maternal serum AFP indicate?
Aneuploidies: trisomy 18, trisomy 21
40
What are the maternal serum testing findings in Trisomy 21?
Decreased AFP, Decreased unconjugated estriol | Increased bHCG, Increased Inhibin A
41
What is the Rx in PCOS to promote fertility?
SERM: Clomiphene citrate
42
What is the MOA of Clomiphene citrate?
Decreases negative feedback on hypothalamus by circulating estrogen > increased gonadotropin production
43
Cyclic abdominal pain, pelvic pain Hematocolpos (vaginal bulge or mass palpated anterior to the rectum) Primary amenorrhea with fully developed 2 sex chars Diagnosis?
Imperforate hymen
44
What is often the cause of anterior urethral injuries in males?
Straddle injury
45
What is often the cause of posterior urethral injuries in males?
Pelvic fractures | - Often injures the bulbomembranous jx (below prostate)
46
What is the location of the ureters in the female?
Cross OVER the common/external iliacs, UNDER the gonadal vessels "Water under the bridge"
47
What is caudal regression syndrome?
Sacral agenesis > lower extremity paralysis + urinary incontinence
48
What is the cause of caudal regression syndrome?
Poorly controlled maternal diabetes
49
What is the use of Leuprolide in males?
Continuous GnRH agonist (first transiently increases, then) decreases T and DHT - Rx for prostate cancer
50
What is the role of androgen binding protein in the testes?
Maintains local concentration of T necessary for sperm production and maturation
51
What cells make androgen binding protein?
Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules
52
What are the male and female remnants of the gubernaclum?
Scrotal ligament | Round ligament of the uterus
53
What is the function of the round ligament of the uterus?
Goes from uterus, through inguinal canal, to labia majora
54
Benign smooth muscle tumor that presents with menorrhagia and even passing clots
Leiomyoma
55
What is the MOA of Anastrazol?
Aromatase inhibitor | - Along with Letrozole, exemestane
56
What is the indication of Anastrazol?
Breast cancer, decreases tumor size
57
Result of lack of fusion of the maxiLLary and mediaL nasaL prominences
Cleft Lip
58
Result of lack of fusion of the lateral palatine processes +/- nasal septum +/- median palate process
Celt Palate
59
Obstructive developmental abnormality of male fetus causing low amniotic fluid and lung underdevelopment, along with dilated bladder + ureters
Posterior Urethral Valves
60
What hormone does excessive prolactin (i.e. from prolactinoma) inhibit?
GnRH
61
Hypospadias is caused back incomplete fusion of...
urogenital (urethral) folds, leading to abnormal opening of urethra on ventral shaft
62
What are maternal causes of polyhydramnios?
Diabetes, TORCH
63
What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (GI)?
Esophageal atresia Duodenal atresia T-E fistula or atresia Annular pancreas
64
What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (Neuro)?
Anencephaly
65
What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (Chromosomal)?
Dow or Edwards Syndromes
66
What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (Renal)?
Bartter's Syndrome
67
From what structure and tissue is a Rathke's cleft tumor derived?
Diverticulum of the roof of the embryonic oral cavity | Ectoderm
68
What hormones prevent lactation during pregnancy?
Estrogen and Progesterone produced by the fetus
69
Structure that holds nerves, arteries, veins, and lymph of ovary
Suspensory ligament of the ovary

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