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UWorld > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

In what stage are oocytes frozen until induced to differentiate prior to ovulation?

A

Prophase 1 of Meiosis I (1 oocyte)

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2
Q

In what stage are oocytes frozen until fertilization?

A

Metaphase of Meoisis II (2 oocyte)

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3
Q

Hormone that increases maternal insulin resistance, freeing more glucose for fetus, and increases maternal lipolysis and proteolysis

A

Human Placental Lactogen

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4
Q

Human Placental Lactogen is similar structurally to what other hormones?

A

Prolactin and GH

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5
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Ovary

A

Simple cuboidal, “germinal”

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6
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Fallopian Tube

A

Simple columnar, ciliated and peg cells

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7
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Cervix

A 
Simple columnar (endocervix)
Stratified squmaous (exocervix)
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8
Q

Name the tissue type of the:

Vagina

A

Stratified squamous, non-keratinized, contains glycogen

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9
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Ovary

A

Serous, mucinous, endometroid, clear cell, Brenner

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10
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Fallopian Tube

A

Tumors are rare here!

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11
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Uterus

A

Endometroid carcinoma

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12
Q

Name the tumors arising from the:

Vagina

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Estrogen secreting primary ovarian tumor
Call-Exner bodies: small follicle-like structures filled with eosinophilic secretions
Cause abnormal uterine bleeding

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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14
Q

Breast tumor made of solid sheets of pleiomorphic cells Central necrosis
Chronic inflammation
Periductal concentric fibrosis
Calcification

A

Comedocarcinoma

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15
Q

Endometriosis can result in what distortion of organ structure?

A

Fixed retroversion

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16
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?

A

Deep inguinal nodes

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17
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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18
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes?

A

Para-aortic nodes

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19
Q

What is the result of Mullerian Aplasia?

A

Vaginal agenesis: no upper vagina, variable uterine dev
Presents with primary amenorrhea due to lack of uterus
Normal ovaries and secondary sex chars

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20
Q

What must be checked for in Mullerian Aplasia

A

Renal abnormalities, 50% have urological abnormality

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21
Q

What is the MOA of MIfepristone?

A

Progesterone antagonist

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22
Q

What is the indication of Mifepristone?

A

Therapeutic abortion with Misoprotol

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23
Q

What is the MOA of Misoprostol?

A

PGE analog

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24
Q

When does estrogen peak in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase, causing LH surge + ovulation

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25
Q

When does progesterone peak in the menstrual cycle?

A

Mid-luteal phase, after ovulation, to maintain endometrium and allow for implantation

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26
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Endometrial glandular tissue in the myometrium of the uterus

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27
Q

What are some distinguishing characteristics of Patau Syndrome (trisomy 13)?

A

Small head, polydactyly, rocker bottom feet, omphalocele

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28
Q

What are some distinguishing characteristics of Edward Syndrome (trisomy 18)?

A

Prominent occiput, clenched fist, rocker bottom feet, omphalocele

29
Q

What are some distinguishing characteristics of Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)?

A

Flat head, palmar crease, hirschsprung

30
Q

What is the Rx (3 options) for PCOS?

A

OCPs (suppress LH)
5a reductase inhibitors (Finasteride)
Testosterone receptor antags (Spironolactone)

31
Q

What is endometritis?

A

Infection of uterus, usually follows delivery

- Fever, leukocytosis, uterine tenderness, foul discharge

32
Q

What is the most common cause of endometritis?

A

Bacterioides

33
Q

What is the MOA of OCPs?

A

Inhibit ovulation by decreased synthesis of FSH and LH in ant pit

34
Q

What syndrome is characterized by cystic hygroma, lymphedema, and aortic coarctation at birth?

A

Turner’s, XO

35
Q

What causes physiological apoptosis of endometrial cells?

A

Withdrawal of progesterone

36
Q

What is the underlying defect in Kallman syndrome?

A

Failure of GnRH secreting neurons to migrate from their origin in the olfactory placode tot he hypothalamus

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Kallman Syndrome?

A

Anosmia +/- cleft palate
Hypogonadism (delayed puberty and small testes)
Adrenarche occurs normally (some public hair)

38
Q

What all can an increased maternal serum AFP indicate?

A

Neural tube defects: anencephaly, spina bifida

Ventral wall defects: omphalocele, gastrorchisis

Multiple gestation

39
Q

What can a decreased maternal serum AFP indicate?

A

Aneuploidies: trisomy 18, trisomy 21

40
Q

What are the maternal serum testing findings in Trisomy 21?

A

Decreased AFP, Decreased unconjugated estriol

Increased bHCG, Increased Inhibin A

41
Q

What is the Rx in PCOS to promote fertility?

A

SERM: Clomiphene citrate

42
Q

What is the MOA of Clomiphene citrate?

A

Decreases negative feedback on hypothalamus by circulating estrogen > increased gonadotropin production

43
Q

Cyclic abdominal pain, pelvic pain
Hematocolpos (vaginal bulge or mass palpated anterior to the rectum)
Primary amenorrhea with fully developed 2 sex chars

Diagnosis?

A

Imperforate hymen

44
Q

What is often the cause of anterior urethral injuries in males?

A

Straddle injury

45
Q

What is often the cause of posterior urethral injuries in males?

A

Pelvic fractures

- Often injures the bulbomembranous jx (below prostate)

46
Q

What is the location of the ureters in the female?

A

Cross OVER the common/external iliacs,
UNDER the gonadal vessels

“Water under the bridge”

47
Q

What is caudal regression syndrome?

A

Sacral agenesis > lower extremity paralysis + urinary incontinence

48
Q

What is the cause of caudal regression syndrome?

A

Poorly controlled maternal diabetes

49
Q

What is the use of Leuprolide in males?

A

Continuous GnRH agonist (first transiently increases, then) decreases T and DHT
- Rx for prostate cancer

50
Q

What is the role of androgen binding protein in the testes?

A

Maintains local concentration of T necessary for sperm production and maturation

51
Q

What cells make androgen binding protein?

A

Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules

52
Q

What are the male and female remnants of the gubernaclum?

A

Scrotal ligament

Round ligament of the uterus

53
Q

What is the function of the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Goes from uterus, through inguinal canal, to labia majora

54
Q

Benign smooth muscle tumor that presents with menorrhagia and even passing clots

A

Leiomyoma

55
Q

What is the MOA of Anastrazol?

A

Aromatase inhibitor

- Along with Letrozole, exemestane

56
Q

What is the indication of Anastrazol?

A

Breast cancer, decreases tumor size

57
Q

Result of lack of fusion of the maxiLLary and mediaL nasaL prominences

A

Cleft Lip

58
Q

Result of lack of fusion of the lateral palatine processes +/- nasal septum +/- median palate process

A

Celt Palate

59
Q

Obstructive developmental abnormality of male fetus causing low amniotic fluid and lung underdevelopment, along with dilated bladder + ureters

A

Posterior Urethral Valves

60
Q

What hormone does excessive prolactin (i.e. from prolactinoma) inhibit?

A

GnRH

61
Q

Hypospadias is caused back incomplete fusion of…

A

urogenital (urethral) folds, leading to abnormal opening of urethra on ventral shaft

62
Q

What are maternal causes of polyhydramnios?

A

Diabetes, TORCH

63
Q

What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (GI)?

A

Esophageal atresia
Duodenal atresia
T-E fistula or atresia
Annular pancreas

64
Q

What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (Neuro)?

A

Anencephaly

65
Q

What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (Chromosomal)?

A

Dow or Edwards Syndromes

66
Q

What are fetal causes of polyhydramnios (Renal)?

A

Bartter’s Syndrome

67
Q

From what structure and tissue is a Rathke’s cleft tumor derived?

A

Diverticulum of the roof of the embryonic oral cavity

Ectoderm

68
Q

What hormones prevent lactation during pregnancy?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone produced by the fetus

69
Q

Structure that holds nerves, arteries, veins, and lymph of ovary

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

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