repro

Question 1

sources of estrogen?

Answer 1

ovary (makes 17beta estradiol)
placenta (makes estriol)
adipose (makes estrone via aromatization of androgens)

Question 2

potency of estrogens?

Answer 2

estradiol > estrone > estriol

Question 3

changes in estrogens during preg?

Answer 3

1) estradiol and estrone increase 50x

2) estriol increases 1000x = measure of fetal well being

Question 4

sources of progesterone?

Answer 4

corpus luteum
placenta
adrenal cortex
testes

Question 5

functions of progesterone?

Answer 5

endometrial glandular and spiral artery dvlpmt
pregnancy maintenance
decreased myometrial contraction
thick cervical mucus
increased body temp
inhibit FSH, LH
decreased estrogen receptor expression

Question 6

lengths of phases of menstrual cycle?

Answer 6

follicular: can vary
luteal: always 14 days

Question 7

when is follicular growth fastest?

Answer 7

2nd week of proliferative phase

Question 8

what is the cellular mechanism underlying menstruation?

Answer 8

apoptosis of endometrial cells

Question 9

when do 1ary oocytes develop, and when do they arrest?

Answer 9

start meiosis I during fetal life

arrest in prophase I until ovulation

Question 10

when do 2ary oocytes develop, and when do they arrest?

Answer 10

resume meiosis after ovulation

arrest in metaphase II until fertilization

Question 11

how long between ovulation and fertilization/degeneration?

Answer 11

1 day!

Question 12

hormonal changes at ovulation?

Answer 12

increase in estrogen
increase in GnRH rcptrs on ant pit
LH surge –> ovulation

Question 13

when does implantation happen?

Answer 13

6 days after fertilization

Question 14

when is hCG detectable?

Answer 14

in blood: 1 week after conception

in urine test: 2 weeks after conception

Question 15

what do you need for lactation?

Answer 15

1) prolactin –> induces and maintains milk production, inhibits gonadotropins
2) oxytocin –> promotes milk letdown, uterine contractions

** both prolactin and oxytocin stimulated by suckling

Question 16

what is in breast milk?

Answer 16

IgA, macrophages, lymphocytes

** decreased infx, risk of asthma/allergies/DM/obesity

Question 17

how does breastfeeding affect the mom?

Answer 17

reduces risk of breast and ovarian cancer

Question 18

causes of increased hCG?

Answer 18

multiple gestations
hydatidiform moles
choriocarcinoma
Down’s

Question 19

causes of decreased hCG?

Answer 19

ectopic/failing preg
Edward
Patau

Question 20

when does the corpus luteum degenerate?

Answer 20

8-10 weeks - placenta starts making own E and P

Question 21

how does smoking affect menopause onset?

Answer 21

menopause earlier in smokers

Question 22

how to you test for menopause?

Answer 22

high levels of FSH are specific - bc low E –> lack of negative feedback

Question 23

when does spermatogenesis start?

Answer 23

puberty!

spermatogonia are first stage (diploid, pre-replication)

Question 24

how long does spermatogenesis take?

Answer 24

2 months

Question 25

spermatid vs spermatozoon?

Answer 25

spermatid = product of meiosis I/II
spermatozoon = mature - went through spermiogenesis, lost cytoplasm and gained acrosomal cap, etc

Question 26

source of androgens?

Answer 26

testis: DHT and testosterone
adrenal: androstenedione

Question 27

potency of androgens?

Answer 27

DHT > T > androstenedione

Question 28

how does T affect bones?

Answer 28

causes closure of epiphyseal plates

** via E –> T aromatization

Question 29

what converts androgens to estrogens in males?

Answer 29

CYP450 aromatase - in adipose and testis

Question 30

what converts androgens to estrogens in females?

Answer 30

1) theca interna cells: cholesterol to androgens via desmolase (promoted by LH)
2) granulosa cells: androgens to estrogens via aromatase (promoted by FSH)

Question 31

functions of DHT?

Answer 31

early: differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate
late: prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity