Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

step 1 - physiology > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

fick principle?

A

CO = (rate of O2 consumption) / (arterial O2 - venous O2 content)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

formulae for MAP?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

MAP = 1/3 SysBP + 2/3 DiaBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is pulse pressure proportional to?

A

proportional to SV

inversely proportional to arterial compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is CO maintained in exercise?

A

early stages: increase in HR and SV

late stages: increase in HR only (SV plateaus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when HR increases, what phase of cycle is shortened?

A

diastole leads to less filling time –> decreased CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes of increased pulse pressure?

A

hyperthyroidism

aortic regurg

being old (aortic stiffening)

OSA (increased sympathetic tone)

exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of decreased pulse pressure?

A

aortic stenosis

cardiogenic shock

tamponade

advanced HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

factors that affect stroke volume?

A

contractility

afterload

preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

factors that increase contractility?

A

catecholamines

increased intracellular Ca

decreased extracellular Na

digitalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mechanism of catecholamines –> increased contractility?

A

increased activity of Ca pump in SR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

factors that decrease contractility?

A

B-blockade

HF with systolic dysfn

acidosis

hypoxia/hypercapnia

non-DHP CCBs

narcotic overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mechanism of BBs decreasing contractility?

A

decreased cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Laplace’s law?

A

wall tension = ( P x radius) / (2 * wall thickness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which mx decrease both preload and afterload?

A

ACEs and ARBs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

formula for resistance (based on viscosity length and radius)?

A

resistance = driving P / flow

= (8 * viscosity * length) / (pi * radius^4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

resistance of vessels in series vs in parallel?

A

series: TR = R1 + R2 + …
parallel: 1/TR = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does organ removal affect TPR and CO?

A

increases TPR

decreases CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which vessels account for majority of TPR?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does spinal anesthesia affect venous return?

A

decreases it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

identify marked components of jvp tracing?

A

a wave = atrial contraction

c wave = RV contraction

x descent = atrial relaxation during ventricular contraction

v wave = atrial filling

y descent = RA emptying into RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

factors that contribute to normal splitting?

A

inspiration –> decreased thoracic pressure

decreased pulmonary impedance –> increased pulmonary capacitance

** both cause delayed closure of pulmonic valve –> delayed P2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what causes wide splitting?

A

conditions that delay RV emptying

** pulmonic stenosis, RBBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what causes fixed splitting?

A

ASD –> increased RA and RV volumes –> increased pulmonic flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what causes paradoxical splitting?

A

conditions that delay aortic valve closure

** aortic stenosis, LBBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
sustained hand grip affects murmurs in what way?
increases afterload --\> increases MR, AR, VSD murmurs decreases HOCM murmurs later onset of MVP click
26
valsalva affects murmurs in what way?
decreases preload --\> decreases intensity of most murmurs \*\* increases HOCM and MVP (earlier click/murmur)
27
squatting affects murmurs in what way?
increases preload --\> decreases HOCM and MVP \*\* increases intensity of AS murmur
28
causes of MR?
ischemic heart disease (post MI) MVP LV dilation rheum fever/endocarditis
29
what causes systolic click in MVP?
tensing of chordae tendineae
30
which channels contribute fo phase 0 of myocardial AP?
voltage-gated Na channels
31
what channels in phase 1 of myocardial AP?
inactivation of Na channels opening of K channels
32
what channels in phase 2 of myocardial AP?
= plateau Ca influx balances K efflux \*\* Ca influx triggers Ca release from SR --\> contraction
33
what channels in phase 3 of myocardial AP?
Ca channels closed voltage gated slow K channels open --\> massive K efflux
34
what channels in phase 4 of myocardial AP?
= resting potential high K permeability through K channels
35
myocardial vs skeletal mm contraction?
1) cardiac AP has plateau 2) cardiac contraction due to Ca-induced Ca release 3) myocytes coupled by gap jcts 4) nodal cells spontaneously depolarize
36
myocardial vs pacemaker AP?
1) phase 0 in nodal: mediated by Ca channels (Na channels permanently inactivated bc resting voltage less negative) 2) phase 1 and 2 absent 3) phase 4: If - Na conductance --\> slow spontaneous diastolic depol
37
what do ACh and adenosine do to the rate of nodal depol?
decrease it --\> decrease HR
38
what do catecholamines do to the rate of nodal depol?
increase it --\> increase HR
39
how does sympathetic stimulation affect nodal cells?
increases chance that If channels are open --\> increases HR
40
speed of conduction of heart tissues?
Purkinje \> atria \> ventricles \> AV node
41
conduction pathway in heart?
SA --\> atria --\> AV --\> common bundle --\> bundle branches --\> fascicles --\> Purkinje --\> ventricles
42
where is the AV node?
in posteroinferior interatrial septum \*\* blood supply from RCA \*\* 100 msec delay --\> time for ventricular filling
43
drugs that cause long QT?
ABCDE: anti-arrhythmics (IA, III) anti-biotics (macrolides) anti-Cychotics anti-depressants anti-emetics (ondansetron)
44
congenital long QT, AD, purely cardiac?
Romano Ward
45
congenital long QT, AR, deaf?
Jervell and Lange-Nielsel
46
Asian, AD, pseudo-RBBB and V1-V3 ST elevations?
Brugada \*\* increased risk of VT and SCD \*\* give ICD
47
what's the bundle of Kent?
accessory pathway in WPW
48
causes of Afib?
HTN CAD rheumatic heart dz binge drinking HF valvular dz hyperthyroidism
49
MOA of ANP/BNP?
increase cGMP --\> vasodilation and decreased Na reabs in collecting tubule --\> vasodilation of afferent arteriole --\> vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole \*\* aldosterone escape
50
how does aortic arch transmit info to brain?
vagus --\> solitary nucleus of medulla
51
how does carotid sinus transmit info to brain?
glossopharyngeal --\> solitary nucleus of medulla
52
does hypoT cause increase or decrease in baroreceptor firing?
causes DECREASE in firing (b/c of DECREASED stretch)
53
how does decreased baroreceptor firing affect the heart?
vasocontriction increased HR, contractility, BP
54
how does increased baroreceptor firing affect the heart?
increased AV refractory period
55
what stimuli do the carotid and aortic bodies respond to?
PO2 decrease (once below 60 mmHg) increased PCO2 decreased pH
56
what stimuli do central chemoreceptors respond to?
ONLY changes in pH and PCO2 of interstitial fluid of brain \*\* no direct response to PO2
57
what factors affect autoreg of blood flow to heart?
adenosine NO CO2 decreased O2 \*\* all vasodilatory
58
what factors affect autoreg of blood flow to brain?
CO2, pH - vasodilatory
59
what factors affect autoreg of blood flow to kidneys?
myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback
60
what factors affect autoregulation of blood flow to lungs?
hypoxia --\> VASOCONSTRICTION \*\* opposite of other vasculature - prevents perfusion of poorly ventilated area
61
what factors affect autoregulation of blood flow to skeletal mm?
local metabolites during exercise: lactate, adenosine, K, H, CO2 --\> vasodilation at rest: sympathetic tone
62
what factors affect autoregulation of blood flow to skin?
sympathetic stimulation --\> temperature control
63

step 1 - physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions