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Healthy Animals 2 > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What cells does GnRH act on and what hormone do they secrete?

A

Sertoli cells (FSH)
Leydig cells (LH)

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3
Q

What is the positive and negative feedback hormone on Sertoli cells (FSH)?

A

Activin +
Inhibin -

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4
Q

What are negative feedback hormones for GnRH?

A

Estradiol
Testosterone

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5
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced?

A

The testis

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6
Q

Where are spermatozoa matured?

A

Head and body of the epididymis

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7
Q

Where are spermatozoa stored?

A

Tail of the epididymis

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8
Q

What is the definition of spermatogenesis?

A

Process by which male gamete cells develop into spermatozoa

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9
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogensis
Spermatidogenesis
Spermiogenesis

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10
Q

What are the layers of the seminiferous tubule?

A

Spermatogonia -> Spermocytes ->Spermatids ->Spermatozoa

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11
Q

What is the “factory” of the testis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

What is the most immature spermatogenic sperm type?

A

Spermatogonia

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13
Q

What things can Spermatogonia do?

A

->Replicate (mitosis) to replenish level of Spermatogonia
->Replicate (mitosis) to form next stage of spermatogensis (primary spermatocytes)

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14
Q

What stage does the formation of the head, neck, middle piece, principle piece, and tail happen. Also loss of cytoplasm.

A

Spermiogenesis

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15
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus turn into?

A

Acrosomal vesicle and granule

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases within the spermiogenesis?

A

Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosomal phase
Maturation phase

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17
Q

What animal has the shortest spermatogenesis time?

A

Horse

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18
Q

Where are leydig and Sertoli cells found?

A

The testicles

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19
Q

What’s the result of meiosis?

A

A cell that is diploid to a cell that is haploid

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20
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

A cell that is diploid to a cell that is also diploid

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21
Q

What happens in the cap phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Acrosome begins to spread out over the spermatid nucleus

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22
Q

What happens during the Golgi phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Golgi apparatus turns into the acrosome

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23
Q

What happens during the acrosomal phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Middle piece develops and cytoplasm starts to shrink

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24
Q

What happens during the maturation phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Almost all cytoplasm is lost, mitochondria migrate to middle piece

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25
Q

Which cells in the female secrete LH?

A

Theca cells

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26
Q

What cells in the female secrete FSH?

A

Granulosome cells

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27
Q

What is the first phase of a follicle in a female?

A

Primordial follicle

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28
Q

What is the last phase before ovulation in a female?

A

Graafian follicle

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29
Q

What are the 3 phases of oogenesis?

A

Fetal
Prepubertal
Puberty

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30
Q

What occurs in fetal oogenesis development?

A

Sex cords break down
MITOSIS of oogonia to form pool of germ cells for the rest of her life
Most oogonia ARREST in first meiotic division

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31
Q

What is a primary oocyte?

A

The arrested oocyte in the ovary

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32
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

Follicular cells are the cells that form around an oocyte (occurs during fetal oogenesis)

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33
Q

At what point do you refer to something as a follicle?

A

When an oocyte is surrounded by follicular cells

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34
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

Single cell derived from a germ cell

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35
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Structure with oocyte AND supporting cells

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36
Q

What is atresia?

A

Atresia is the death/loss of follicular structure and oocytes

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37
Q

What occurs during prepubertal oogenesis?

A

Really only atresia and resting occurs here

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38
Q

What happens during the post pubertal oogenesis?

A

Secondary oocyte is formed (completion of the first meiotic division)

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39
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes for a oocyte during post pubertal oogenesis?

A

Ovulation
Atresia
Fertilization

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40
Q

What occurs after the fertilization is the post pubertal oogenesis?

A

The second meiotic division! (First occurred after puberty) Also more polar bodies are formed

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41
Q

What region determines gonadal development?

A

SRY (sex determining region Y)

42
Q

What moves from the placenta (allantois) to the genital ridge during sexual differentiation?

A

Primordial germ cells to the genital ridge through the yolk sac

43
Q

What are the two sets of primordia that a fetus contains?

A

Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian)
Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian)

44
Q

Which duct fully develops in fetuses that are developing testicles?

A

Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)

45
Q

Which duct will fully develop in fetuses that will develop ovaries?

A

Paramesonephric duct (Müllerian duct)

46
Q

What determines the development of Mesonephric vs Paramesonephric ducts?

A

HORMONES
Presence of testosterone and anti mullerian hormone atrophies Müllerian duct

47
Q

What is the exocrine part of the testis?

A

The seminiferous tubules

48
Q

What are sertoli cell’s (sustentacular cells) two jobs?

A

1) Forms blood/testis barrier
2) Endocrine function (inhibin)

49
Q

Where are Sertoli cells located?

A

Within the seminiferous tubules along the apical barrier (large nucleus)

50
Q

Where are myoid cells located?

A

In connective tissue outside of seminiferous tubules

51
Q

What do myoid cells do?

A

Moves spermatozoa through tubules

52
Q

Where are leading cells and what do they do?

A

Where: In connective tissue outside of seminiferous tubule
What: Produce testosterone

53
Q

What is the connective tissue through the testis called?

A

Tunica albuginea

54
Q

What is the collection area of the seminiferous tubules in the center of the testis?

A

Rete testis

55
Q

What does the Mesonephric duct form?

A

Efferent ductules (ducts leaving testis)
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ampullae

56
Q

What is the structure of the epididymis?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

57
Q

What is the structure of the epididymis?

A

Tube with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and large majority is smooth muscle

58
Q

What are the 5 accessory sex glands? (SPABU)

A

Ampullae
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethral glands

59
Q

What are the “Big 4” sex glands? (SPAB)

A

Bulbourethral gland
Ampullae
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles

60
Q

Which 2 species have all 4 of the “big 4” sex glands?

A

Horses and Ruminants

61
Q

Which accessory sex glands does a pig have?

A

Bulbourethral gland
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland

62
Q

What accessory sex glands does a dog have?

A

Just prostate!

63
Q

What accessory sex glands does a cat have?

A

Prostate and Bulbourethral glands

64
Q

What accessory sex gland do all major species have?

A

Prostate gland!

65
Q

What is the ampullae?

A

Terminal portion of ductus deferens

66
Q

What is the size of the prostate dependent on?

A

Hormones (testosterone)
So neutered animals have small to no prostate

67
Q

What facilitates testicular decent?

A

Gubernaculum testis

68
Q

What do the cloacal folds develop into?

A

Penile urethra and scrotum

69
Q

What fills with blood to cause an erection?

A

Cavernous tissue (corpus spongiosum)

70
Q

What are the 2 types of penises amongst species variation?

A

Fibrous penis: Boar and ruminant
Vascular penis: Carnivores and horses

71
Q

What are the two erectile tissues in the vascular penis?

A

Corpus cavernosa penis (2 outside urethral area)
Corpus spongiousum (surrounds urethra)

72
Q

What is the preputial covering of the penis called?

A

Glans of the penis

73
Q

Where are oocytes found in the ovary?

A

In the cortex

74
Q

What is the difference in a mare’s ovary?

A

Structure is reversed where follicles are matured in the medulla rather than the cortex
Presence of an ovarian fossa where the oocyte is released from (looks a little like a kidney)

75
Q

What is developed in the primary follicle that isn’t developed in the primordial follicle?

A

Zona pellucida

76
Q

What’s the histological difference between the primary and secondary follicle?

A

The secondary follicle develops an antrum

77
Q

What cells proliferate on the secondary follicles?

A

Theca cells accumulate around the outside of the granulosa cells

78
Q

What are the two layers of Theca cells?

A

Theca interna and Theca external

79
Q

What are specialized structures around oocyte of tertiary (Graafian) follicles?

A

Corona radiata
Cumulus Oophorus

80
Q

What is the structure that remains immediately after ovulation?

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum
“Blood Body”

81
Q

What is the job of the corpus luteum?

A

Hormone production (progesterone)
Is retained if pregnant
Is regressed if pregnancy does not occur

82
Q

What remains if the corpus luteum (yellow body) is regressed?

A

Corpus albicans

83
Q

What are the 5 stages of the estrus cycle?

A

Anestrus
Proestrus
Estrus
Metaestrus
Diestrus

84
Q

What are the 2 primary functions of the uterine tube?

A

Transport ova
Site of fertilization

85
Q

What are the 4 structures derived from the Paramesonephric duct?

A

Uterine tube
Uterus
Cervix
Anterior portion of vagina

86
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?

A

Isthmus (proximal and narrow)
Ampulla (middle and medium sized)
Infundibulum and folds (distal and large lumen with lots of folds)

87
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

88
Q

What are the 4 layers of the vaginal epithelium?

A

Mucosa
Lamina propria
Muscularis
Adventitia

89
Q

What does the crania vagina have instead of adventitia?

A

Serosa

90
Q

Is the formation of the posterior vagina hormone dependent or independent?

A

Independent

91
Q

What occurs during anestrus?

A

Quiescent ovary

92
Q

What occurs during proestrus?

A

Rising estrogen, follicular development

93
Q

What occurs during estrus?

A

Max estrogen, ovulation

94
Q

What occurs during diestrus?

A

Estrogen and progesterone, CL forms

95
Q

What happens during diestrus?

A

Progesterone, CL mature

96
Q

What is the structure of the posterior vagina during estrus?

A

Increased thickness with keratinized epithelial cells

97
Q

What forms into the clitoris?

A

Genital tubercle

98
Q

What forms into the major labia?

A

Genital swellings

99
Q

What is different in the avian female reproductive tract?

A

Only the left ovary and oviduct are retained in the adult (in contrast to both testicles present in the male)

100
Q

What type of gland is the mammary gland?

A

Modified apocrine gland

101
Q

What is the passage of milk through the mammary gland?

A

Interlobular duct
Lobular duct
Lobar duct
Gland sinus

Healthy Animals 2 (4 decks)

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