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Repro Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What cells does GnRH act on and what hormone do they secrete?

A

Sertoli cells (FSH)
Leydig cells (LH)

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3
Q

What is the positive and negative feedback hormone on Sertoli cells (FSH)?

A

Activin +
Inhibin -

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4
Q

What are negative feedback hormones for GnRH?

A

Estradiol
Testosterone

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5
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced?

A

The testis

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6
Q

Where are spermatozoa matured?

A

Head and body of the epididymis

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7
Q

Where are spermatozoa stored?

A

Tail of the epididymis

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8
Q

What is the definition of spermatogenesis?

A

Process by which male gamete cells develop into spermatozoa

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9
Q

What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogensis
Spermatidogenesis
Spermiogenesis

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10
Q

What are the layers of the seminiferous tubule?

A

Spermatogonia -> Spermocytes ->Spermatids ->Spermatozoa

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11
Q

What is the “factory” of the testis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

What is the most immature spermatogenic sperm type?

A

Spermatogonia

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13
Q

What things can Spermatogonia do?

A

->Replicate (mitosis) to replenish level of Spermatogonia
->Replicate (mitosis) to form next stage of spermatogensis (primary spermatocytes)

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14
Q

What stage does the formation of the head, neck, middle piece, principle piece, and tail happen. Also loss of cytoplasm.

A

Spermiogenesis

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15
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus turn into?

A

Acrosomal vesicle and granule

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases within the spermiogenesis?

A

Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosomal phase
Maturation phase

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17
Q

What animal has the shortest spermatogenesis time?

A

Horse

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18
Q

Where are leydig and Sertoli cells found?

A

The testicles

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19
Q

What’s the result of meiosis?

A

A cell that is diploid to a cell that is haploid

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20
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

A cell that is diploid to a cell that is also diploid

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21
Q

What happens in the cap phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Acrosome begins to spread out over the spermatid nucleus

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22
Q

What happens during the Golgi phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Golgi apparatus turns into the acrosome

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23
Q

What happens during the acrosomal phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Middle piece develops and cytoplasm starts to shrink

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24
Q

What happens during the maturation phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Almost all cytoplasm is lost, mitochondria migrate to middle piece

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25
Which cells in the female secrete LH?
Theca cells
26
What cells in the female secrete FSH?
Granulosome cells
27
What is the first phase of a follicle in a female?
Primordial follicle
28
What is the last phase before ovulation in a female?
Graafian follicle
29
What are the 3 phases of oogenesis?
Fetal Prepubertal Puberty
30
What occurs in fetal oogenesis development?
Sex cords break down MITOSIS of oogonia to form pool of germ cells for the rest of her life Most oogonia ARREST in first meiotic division
31
What is a primary oocyte?
The arrested oocyte in the ovary
32
What are follicular cells?
Follicular cells are the cells that form around an oocyte (occurs during fetal oogenesis)
33
At what point do you refer to something as a follicle?
When an oocyte is surrounded by follicular cells
34
What is an oocyte?
Single cell derived from a germ cell
35
What is a follicle?
Structure with oocyte AND supporting cells
36
What is atresia?
Atresia is the death/loss of follicular structure and oocytes
37
What occurs during prepubertal oogenesis?
Really only atresia and resting occurs here
38
What happens during the post pubertal oogenesis?
Secondary oocyte is formed (completion of the first meiotic division)
39
What are the 3 possible outcomes for a oocyte during post pubertal oogenesis?
Ovulation Atresia Fertilization
40
What occurs after the fertilization is the post pubertal oogenesis?
The second meiotic division! (First occurred after puberty) Also more polar bodies are formed
41
What region determines gonadal development?
SRY (sex determining region Y)
42
What moves from the placenta (allantois) to the genital ridge during sexual differentiation?
Primordial germ cells to the genital ridge through the yolk sac
43
What are the two sets of primordia that a fetus contains?
Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian) Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian)
44
Which duct fully develops in fetuses that are developing testicles?
Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)
45
Which duct will fully develop in fetuses that will develop ovaries?
Paramesonephric duct (Müllerian duct)
46
What determines the development of Mesonephric vs Paramesonephric ducts?
HORMONES Presence of testosterone and anti mullerian hormone atrophies Müllerian duct
47
What is the exocrine part of the testis?
The seminiferous tubules
48
What are sertoli cell’s (sustentacular cells) two jobs?
1) Forms blood/testis barrier 2) Endocrine function (inhibin)
49
Where are Sertoli cells located?
Within the seminiferous tubules along the apical barrier (large nucleus)
50
Where are myoid cells located?
In connective tissue outside of seminiferous tubules
51
What do myoid cells do?
Moves spermatozoa through tubules
52
Where are leading cells and what do they do?
Where: In connective tissue outside of seminiferous tubule What: Produce testosterone
53
What is the connective tissue through the testis called?
Tunica albuginea
54
What is the collection area of the seminiferous tubules in the center of the testis?
Rete testis
55
What does the Mesonephric duct form?
Efferent ductules (ducts leaving testis) Epididymis Ductus deferens Ampullae
56
What is the structure of the epididymis?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
57
What is the structure of the epididymis?
Tube with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and large majority is smooth muscle
58
What are the 5 accessory sex glands? (SPABU)
Ampullae Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethral glands
59
What are the “Big 4” sex glands? (SPAB)
Bulbourethral gland Ampullae Prostate gland Seminal vesicles
60
Which 2 species have all 4 of the “big 4” sex glands?
Horses and Ruminants
61
Which accessory sex glands does a pig have?
Bulbourethral gland Seminal vesicles Prostate gland
62
What accessory sex glands does a dog have?
Just prostate!
63
What accessory sex glands does a cat have?
Prostate and Bulbourethral glands
64
What accessory sex gland do all major species have?
Prostate gland!
65
What is the ampullae?
Terminal portion of ductus deferens
66
What is the size of the prostate dependent on?
Hormones (testosterone) So neutered animals have small to no prostate
67
What facilitates testicular decent?
Gubernaculum testis
68
What do the cloacal folds develop into?
Penile urethra and scrotum
69
What fills with blood to cause an erection?
Cavernous tissue (corpus spongiosum)
70
What are the 2 types of penises amongst species variation?
Fibrous penis: Boar and ruminant Vascular penis: Carnivores and horses
71
What are the two erectile tissues in the vascular penis?
Corpus cavernosa penis (2 outside urethral area) Corpus spongiousum (surrounds urethra)
72
What is the preputial covering of the penis called?
Glans of the penis
73
Where are oocytes found in the ovary?
In the cortex
74
What is the difference in a mare’s ovary?
Structure is reversed where follicles are matured in the medulla rather than the cortex Presence of an ovarian fossa where the oocyte is released from (looks a little like a kidney)
75
What is developed in the primary follicle that isn’t developed in the primordial follicle?
Zona pellucida
76
What’s the histological difference between the primary and secondary follicle?
The secondary follicle develops an antrum
77
What cells proliferate on the secondary follicles?
Theca cells accumulate around the outside of the granulosa cells
78
What are the two layers of Theca cells?
Theca interna and Theca external
79
What are specialized structures around oocyte of tertiary (Graafian) follicles?
Corona radiata Cumulus Oophorus
80
What is the structure that remains immediately after ovulation?
Corpus hemorrhagicum “Blood Body”
81
What is the job of the corpus luteum?
Hormone production (progesterone) Is retained if pregnant Is regressed if pregnancy does not occur
82
What remains if the corpus luteum (yellow body) is regressed?
Corpus albicans
83
What are the 5 stages of the estrus cycle?
Anestrus Proestrus Estrus Metaestrus Diestrus
84
What are the 2 primary functions of the uterine tube?
Transport ova Site of fertilization
85
What are the 4 structures derived from the Paramesonephric duct?
Uterine tube Uterus Cervix Anterior portion of vagina
86
What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?
Isthmus (proximal and narrow) Ampulla (middle and medium sized) Infundibulum and folds (distal and large lumen with lots of folds)
87
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
88
What are the 4 layers of the vaginal epithelium?
Mucosa Lamina propria Muscularis Adventitia
89
What does the crania vagina have instead of adventitia?
Serosa
90
Is the formation of the posterior vagina hormone dependent or independent?
Independent
91
What occurs during anestrus?
Quiescent ovary
92
What occurs during proestrus?
Rising estrogen, follicular development
93
What occurs during estrus?
Max estrogen, ovulation
94
What occurs during diestrus?
Estrogen and progesterone, CL forms
95
What happens during diestrus?
Progesterone, CL mature
96
What is the structure of the posterior vagina during estrus?
Increased thickness with keratinized epithelial cells
97
What forms into the clitoris?
Genital tubercle
98
What forms into the major labia?
Genital swellings
99
What is different in the avian female reproductive tract?
Only the left ovary and oviduct are retained in the adult (in contrast to both testicles present in the male)
100
What type of gland is the mammary gland?
Modified apocrine gland
101
What is the passage of milk through the mammary gland?
Interlobular duct Lobular duct Lobar duct Gland sinus

Healthy Animals 2 (4 decks)

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