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DIT Reproductive > Repro 1 - Anatomy & Embryology > Flashcards

Repro 1 - Anatomy & Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Which autonomic innervation does male sexual response?

A

1)Erection: Parasympathetic (pelvic nerve), Nitric oxide-> decreases cGmp-> vasodilation->proerectile./ Norepinephrine -> Calcium->Antierectile. 2)Emission: Sympathetic (Hypogastric nerve). 3)Ejaculation: Visceral and somatic nerves (pudendal nerve).

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2
Q

How does Sidenafil work?

A

Decrease cGMP levels with PDE-5 inhibitors .

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3
Q

What is the ligament that connect the cervix to the side wall of pelvis?

A

Cardinal Ligament, there is also uterine vessels, ureter at risk of injury during ligation of uterine vessels in hysterectomy.

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4
Q

What is the ligament that is ligated during hysterectomies?

A

Broad Ligament connects uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries to pelvic side wall.

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5
Q

What structures contain the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

Ovarian vessels, there also connect ovaries to lateral pelvic wall, ligate vessels during oophorectomy to avoid bleeding.

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6
Q

Which structures are connected by ovarian ligament?

A

Connect medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus, it is derivative of gobernaculum.

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7
Q

What kind of epithelium is the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized.

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8
Q

Which of these tissue have Simple columnar epithelium ciliated? Fallopian tube or Endocervix?

A

Fallopian tube is ciliated, however Endocervix also have simple columnar epithelium but without cilia.

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9
Q

Tissue simple cuboidal epithelium belong to?

A

Ovary, outer surface.

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10
Q

Which are the branches from the pudendal nerve?

A

1) Inferior rectal nerve - anus. 2) Dorsal nerve of the penis (or clitoris). 3) Perineal nerves - posterior scrotal or posterior labial nerves

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11
Q

What is the anatomical landmark to pudendal nerve block in surgery ?

A

Ischial spine, also it is just behind sacrospinous ligament.

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12
Q

What pathway does follow the sperm during ejaculation?

A

[SEVEN UP] Seminiferous tubules. Epididymis. Ejaculatory ducts. Nothing. Vas deferens. Urethra. Penis.

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13
Q

Why the varicocele is more common on the left ?

A

Because the left spermatic vein enters the left renal vein at a 90 grades angle, flow is less laminar on the left than on right, left venous pressure is greater than right venous pressure.

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14
Q

Female patient with ovary CA, what nodes you should palpate in this particular patient?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes, looking for metastasis, also in Testes CA.

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15
Q

Which structures are involved with the Superficial inguinal node?

A

Distal vagina, Vulva and Scrotum.

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16
Q

Which drain the proximal vagina and uterus in the Lymphatic system?

A

Obturator, external iliac and Hypogastric nodes, the node are not palpable.

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17
Q

What is the hernia that cross through internal inguinal ring lateral to inferior epigastric artery?

A

Inguinal Indirect Hernia, much more common in males, the infants undergo a failure of processus vaginalis to close ( can form hydrocele).

18
Q

What anatomical structure is crossed by Direct Inguinal Hernia?

A

Hesselbach triangle conformed by inferior epigastric vessels, lateral border of rectus abdominis and inguinal ligament.

19
Q

Which hernia is most common in female?

A

Femoral Hernia, protrudes below inguinal ligament through femoral canal below and lateral to pubic tubercle.

20
Q

What is the function of the Mesonephric (wolffian) duct?

A

Develops into male internal structures (except prostate): Seminal vesicle, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens. In females, remnant is Gartner duct.

21
Q

What does the Paramesonephric duct (Müllerian) develops to?

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina. (lower portion of the vagina is from urogenital sinus)

22
Q

What is the cause of Bicornuate uterus?

A

It is an incomplete fusion of Müllerian ducts, there are high risk of complicated pregnancy.

23
Q

What is the function of SRY gene?

A

This gene produces Testis-determining factor that helps testes development.

24
Q

What hormone is secreted by Sertoli cells?

A

Sertoli cells secrete Müllerian Inhibitory factor (MIF) that suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts.

25
Q

What is the function of the testosterone during embryology?

A

Mesonephric ducts become internal male genitalia.

26
Q

What enzyme convert testosterone to Dyhidrotestosterone (DTH)?

A

5alpha reductase. DHT is important to convert urogenital sinus and genital tubercle become external male genital structures.

27
Q

Which characters develop the patient with deficient in 5-a reductase, but MIF present?

A

Genetically male child. Internal male structures. Ambiguous external genitalia.

28
Q

Genetic male, Male external genitalia but, Male and female internal genitalia, which combination of Factors the patient present?

A

Deficient in MIF, but 5-a reductase present.

29
Q

Where is the abnormal opening of penile urethra in Hypospadia?

A

The abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral surface of penis due to failure of urethral folds to fuse, also Hypospadia is more common than Epispadia.

30
Q

Which congenital penile abnormalities are associated with Inguinal hernia and Cryptorchidism?

A

Hypospadias.

31
Q

Which of the congenital penile abnormalities is associated with extrophy of the bladder?

A

Epispadias.

*exstrophy of the bladder is a congenital gap in the bladder wall and the abdominal wall in front of it.

32
Q

What structures does form the gobernaculum and processus vaginalis in males? In females?

A

Males: gobernaculum (anchor testes) and processus vaginalis(Tunica vaginalis).
Females: gobernaculum ( ovarian ligament and round ligament of the uterus)

33
Q

What cell type lines the uterus?

A

Columnar epithelium.

34
Q

What ligament of the female pelvis connects the cervix to the pelvic side wall?

A

Cardinal ligament

35
Q

What ligament connects the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovaries.

36
Q

What ligament connects the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries to the pelvic side wall?

A

Broad ligament

37
Q

What ligament contains the uterine vessels?

A

Cardinal ligament

38
Q

To where does the testicular cancer first metastasize?

A

Para-aortic l.n.

39
Q

What is the male homologue to each of the following female structures? Vestibular bulbs, labia minora, Bartholin glands, urethral and paraurethral glands (of skene).

A

Vestibular bulbs (corpus spongiosum), labia minora (ventral shaft of the penis), Bartholin glands( bulbourethral glands),urethral and paraurethral glands (prostate).

40
Q

What gene product come from the SRY gene that underlies male genital development?

A

Testis determining factor

41
Q

What structure anchors the testes to the scrotum?

A

Gubernaculum.

DIT Reproductive (18 decks)

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