1. parasitic infx: stimulated by IgE bound to parasitic cell. destroy via ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY. 2. regulate type I hypersensitivity rxns.

Repro+ 0514Q Flashcards by ashley bui

hepatocyte injury in viral hepatitis

diffuse swelling (ballooning degeneration)

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hepatocyte death in viral hepatitis

lobular architectural disruption.

confluent hepatocyte necrosis (bridging necrosis).

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what happens in response to hepatocyte injury and death in viral hepatitis?

mononuclear inflammation in sinusoids and portal tracts

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nondisjunction in Down syndrome

most occur during maternal meiosis I (homologous chromosomes fail to separate)

*2 different bands from mother of RFLP

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most common pathogen causing cystitis and acute pyelonephritis

E.coli

*second most common: S.saprophyticus

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by what age does a woman have her full complement of oocytes?

5 months gestational age (arrested in prophase of meiosis I)

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what should be performed following evacuation of hydatidiform mole?

serial measurements of beta-hCG.

persistently elevated or rising levels would signify development of invasive mole or choriocarcinoma.

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what causes severe nausea and vomiting in pts with hydatidiform mole?

increased hCG secretion by proliferating trophoblast

*excessive hCG also stimulates ovarian growth (theca-lutein cysts)

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what composes a choriocarcinoma?

atypical cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis

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serum potassium in DKA

normal to increased serum K

but low intracellular K (need to replenish)

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anti-tumor effects of IL-2

via IL-2 stimulating activity of T cells and NK cells.

immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma and RCC.

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what determines extent of feminization in Klinefelter?

estrogen:testosterone ratio

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circumstances in which pt confidentiality can be breached

suspected child or elder abuse.
gunshot or stabbing injuries.
dx of reportable communicable disease.
threat to physically harm themselves or others.

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features of S.pyogenes (Group A)

beta-hemolytic.

bacitracin susceptible.

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features of S.agalactiae (Group B)

beta-hemolytic.

bacitracin resistant.

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features of S.pneumoniae

bile-soluble (unable to be cultured in bile).

optochin susceptible.

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tRNA wobble

each tRNA molecule is specific for an amino acid. many tRNA anticodons can bind to a few different codons that code for SAME amino acid.

*due to “degenerate” nature of genetic code: more codons (61) than amino acids (20)

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primary ciliary dyskinesia

AR mutation in microtubule-assoc. protein DYNEIN.

can cause Kartagener’s syndrome (variable penetrance)

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features of Kartagener’s syndrome

male infertility.
situs inversus.
recurrent sinusitis/otitis.
bronchiectasis (bronchial dilation).

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para-aortic (retroperitoneal) nodes

drainage from testes

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superficial inguinal nodes

drainage from scrotum

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deep inguinal nodes

drainage from glans penis and superficial nodes

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which nodes drain nearly all cutaneous structures inferior to umbilicus?

superficial inguinal nodes

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eosinophil roles

parasitic infx: stimulated by IgE bound to parasitic cell. destroy via ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY.
regulate type I hypersensitivity rxns.

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what other cells rely on Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

macrophages. | NK cells.

how do eosinophils regulate type I hypersens?

granules contain histaminase: degrades histamine to reduce atopic severity. leukotrienes and peroxidases facilitate inflamm.

what cells mediate immediate (type I) hypersensitivity?

mast cells and basophils

toxic megacolon

complication of ulcerative colitis. abd pain, distention. fever, diarrhea, shock. plain abd XR for dx.

what tests are contraindicated in toxic megacolon and why?

barium contrast. colonoscopy. due to risk of perforation.

indirect indicators of chronic alcholism

macrocytosis. AST:ALT > 2. elevated GGT.

what happens to endometrial cells when endocrine stimulation by progesterone is withdrawn?

APOPTOSIS

what is the main source of bld glucose after 12-18 hrs of fasting?

gluconeogenesis - glycogenolysis of liver stores can only last 12-18 hrs before depletion

what increases the activity of pyruvate carboxylase?

[converts pyruvate to OAA in mito] | high conc of acetyl coA increase activity

what causes LH surge?

high estrogen in late follicular phase has positive feedback on LH prod.

pituitary apoplexy

acute bleeding into preexisting pituitary adenoma

what causes cardiovascular collapse in pituitary apoplexy?

ACTH deficiency leads to adrenocortical insufficiency

what differentiates pituitary apoplexy from subarachnoid hemorrhage?

bitemporal hemianopia - specific to pituitary lesions

location of femoral hernias

inferior to inguinal ligament. lateral to pubic tubercle. medial to femoral vein.

how does location of femoral hernias compare to other groin hernias?

femoral located BELOW inguinal ligament; direct and indirect inguinal hernias ABOVE inguinal ligament

effects of progesterone during secretory phase

cause uterine glands to coil, secrete glycogen-rich mucus. endometrial stroma becomes edematous, traversed by tortuous spiral aa. that extend from deeper layers to uterine lumen.

TX of gestational diabetes

INSULIN - in pts who diet and exercise but still fail to control BG levels

triad of late-stage hemochromatosis

BRONZE DIABETES 1. skin hyperpigmentation. 2. diabetes mellitus. 3. pigment cirrhosis w/ hepatomegaly.

ulcers arising in prox duo in assoc with severe trauma or burns

Curling ulcers

ulcers arising in esophagus, stom, or duo in pts with high intracranial pressure

Cushing ulcers - esp prone to perforation

what induces formation of Cushing ulcers?

direct stim of vagus n. by increased intracranial pressure = hypersecretion of gastric acid

what is required for emergence of small adenomatous polyps from normal colonic mucosa?

APC mutation

DCC gene

Deleted in Colon Cancer: part of final step in progression of large adenomatous polyps into adenocarcinoma

MSH2

one of the DNA mismatch repair genes. | part of HNPCC/Lynch syndrome.

what is most commonly affected by endometriosis?

ovaries

inhibin has neg feedback on..?

``` anterior pituitary (FSH) but not on hypothalamus ```

primary route for copper elimination

secreted into bile, | excreted into stool

smooth ER contains enzymes for?

steroid and phospholipid biosynth. all steroid-producing cells (adrenals, gonads, liver) contain a well-developed SER.

main mech of GERD

gastroesophageal junction incompetence

most common cause of infectious esophagitis

candida: oropharyngeal dysphagia/osynophagia in HIV pts

hamartomatous polyps can cause...

bleeding. | intussusception.

which adenomas may be velvety or cauliflower-like?

villous adenomas

most common COD in diabetics?

myocardial infarction

classic exposure hx for HCV

intravenous drug abuse - main transmission through inoculations and bld transfusions

exposure hx for HBV

main transmission is blood but can be transmitted through any other body fluids (except stool) *unprotected sex

what prevents lactogenesis during pregnancy?

high circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone (while also promoting breast growth/development)

estrogen prod during preg

tri1: corpus luteum. | tri2-3: fetal adrenal gland + placenta.

progesterone prod during preg

tri1: corpus luteum. | tri2-3: placenta.

what drains to superficial inguinal nodes?

ALL SKIN from umbilicus down, including anus up to dentate line but excluding posterior calf

discharge of bacterial vaginosis

(Gardnerella vaginalis) gray discharge with fishy odor. clue cells on wet mount.

Trichomonas discharge

yellow-green, foamy, foul-smelling discharge. | motile trophozoites with flagellae.

common source of HepA in US

contaminated water or food - RAW/STEAMED SHELLFISH (fecal-oral transmission)

transient central DI

damage to posterior pituitary

permanent central DI

damage to hypothalamic nuclei or pituitary stalk

genetic defect in MEN 1

MENIN gene (chromo 11)

brown adipose tissue

several intracytoplasmic fat droplets. many more mito that white tissue. PRODUCE HEAT by uncoupling ox phos with thermogenin (no ATP synthesized)