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Physio 0513FA Flashcards

1
Q

control of erection

A

Parasymp nervous system (Point and shoot).

Pelvic nerve.

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2
Q

mechanism of erection

A

NO increases cGMP = smooth muscle relaxation = vasodilation (proerectile)

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3
Q

inhibition of erection

A

NE increases intracellular Ca = smooth muscle contraction = vasoconstriction (antierectile)

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4
Q

control of emission

A

Symp nervous system (point and Shoot).

hypogastric nerve.

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5
Q

control of ejaculation

A

visceral and somatic nn. (pudendal)

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6
Q

what inhibits cGMP breakdown and helps with erection?

A

sildenafil and vardenafil - inhibit cGMP breakdown done by phosphodiesterase 5.

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7
Q

cells in seminiferous tubule

A

germ cells: spermatogonia.
non-germ: Sertoli cells.
endocrine: Leydig cells.

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8
Q

spermatogonia FX

A

germ cells in seminiferous tubule.

maintain germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes.

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9
Q

which cells line the seminiferous tubule?

A

spermatogonia and Sertoli cells.

*Leydig cells in interstitium (between seminiferous tubules)

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10
Q

Sertoli FX

A

support sperm synthesis (nourishment, regulation)

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11
Q

substances secreted by Sertoli cells

A
  1. inhibin
  2. androgen-binding protein
  3. anti-mullerian hormone
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12
Q

what forms blood-testis barrier?

A

tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells.

FX: isolate gametes from autoimmune attack

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13
Q

which cells are temperature-sensitive?

A

Sertoli cells - increase temp: decrease sperm prod and decrease inhibin (ex: varicocele, cryptorchidism)

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14
Q

inhibin FX

A

inhibit FSH

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15
Q

androgen-binding protein (ABP) FX

A

maintain levels of testosterone

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16
Q

AMH FX

A

involution of paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

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17
Q

Leydig FX

A

secrete testosterone.

NOT affected by temp.

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18
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin?

A

puberty

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19
Q

how long does full development of spermatogonia take?

A

2 months

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20
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

what does spermatogenesis produce?

A

spermatids (haploid) that undergo spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoon

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22
Q

LH stimulates what cells?

A

Leydig

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23
Q

FSH stimulates what cells?

A

Sertoli

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24
Q

androgens

A

testosterone.
dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
androstenedione.

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25
sources of androgens
testis: T and DHT. adrenal: androstenedione.
26
potency of androgens
DHT > T > androstenedione
27
what converts testosterone to DHT?
5alpha reductase
28
what converts testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen?
aromatase - in adipose tissue and Leydig cells
29
what happens when exogenous testosterone is given?
inhibition of HPG axis = decreased intratesticular testosterone = decreased testicular size = azoospermia
30
functions of testosterone
1. differentiation of internal genitalia, except prostate (includes epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles). 2. growth spurt. 3. deepened voice. 4. closing of epiphyseal plates. 5. libido.
31
testosterone affects growth of...?
``` penis. seminal vesicles. sperm. muscle. RBCs. ```
32
DHT functions
early: differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate (external). late: prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity.
33
source of estrogen
ovary: 17b-estradiol. placenta: estriol. blood: aromatization.
34
potency of estrogens
estradiol > estrone > estriol
35
estrogen receptors
expressed in cytoplasm. | translocate to nucleus when bound by ligand.
36
estrogen changes in pregnancy
50x increase estradiol, estrone. | 1000x increase estriol.
37
which estrogen indicates fetal well-being?
estriol
38
functions of estrogen
1. develop genitalia, breast, female fat distribution. 2. growth of follicle, endometrium. 3. increase myometrial endometrium. 4. upregulation of estrogen, LH, and progesterone receptors. 5. feedback inhibition of FSH and LH, then LH surge (pos fb). 6. stimulate PRL secretion but block its action at breast. 7. increase transport protein SHBG. 8. increase HDL, decrease LDL.
39
source of progesterone
corpus luteum. placenta. adrenal cortex. testes.
40
what does elevated progesterone indicate?
ovulation
41
function of progesterone
1. stimulate endometrial glandular secretion, spiral a. development. 2. maintenance of pregnancy. 3. decrease myometrial excitability. 4. produce thick cervical mucus to inhibit sperm entry. 5. increase body temp. 6. inhibit LH, FSH. 7. relax uterine smooth muscle. 8. decrease estrogen receptor expression.
42
Tanner stage I
childhood
43
Tanner stage II
pubic hair appears (adrenarche). | breasts enlarge.
44
Tanner stage III
pubic hair darkens and becomes curly. | increase penis size and length.
45
Tanner stage IV
penis width increases. darker scrotal skin. development of glans. raised areolae.
46
Tanner stage V
adult. | areolae are no longer raised.
47
when is follicular growth fastest?
2nd wk of proliferative phase
48
which hormone stimulates endometrial proliferation?
estrogen
49
which hormone maintains endometrium to support implantation?
progesterone
50
how does progesterone affect fertility?
decreased levels of progesterone correspond with decreased fertility
51
which phase of menstrual cycle is constant?
luteal phase = 14 days. follicular phase varies. ovulation day + 14 days = menstruation.
52
oligomenorrhea
> 35 day cycle
53
polymenorrhea
< 21 day cycle
54
metrorrhagia
frequent but irregular menstruation
55
menometrorrhagia
heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals
56
ovulation
increase estrogen, increase GnRH receptors on ant pit. | estrogen surge stimulates LH surge, causing ovulation (rupture of follicle).
57
what causes increased temp during ovulation?
progesterone
58
Mittelschmerz
blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis
59
oogenesis
primary oocytes begin meiosis I during fetal life
60
when is meiosis I completed by primary oocytes?
just before ovulation
61
in what phase is meiosis I arrested?
prOphase - for years until Ovulation occurs.
62
in what phase is meiosis II arrested?
METaphase - secondary oocyte arrested until fertilization occurs. "egg MET sperm"
63
what does completion of meiosis I yield?
secondary oocyte + polar body
64
what happens to first polar body?
degenerates or gives rise to 2 polar bodies
65
what happens if fertilization does not occur?
secondary oocyte degenerates
66
what does meiosis II yield?
ovum + polar body
67
where does fertilization most commonly occur?
upper end of fallopian tube - AMPULLA
68
when does fertilization occur?
within 1 day of ovulation
69
when does implantation occur?
within wall of uterus - 6 days after fert
70
when is hCG detected?
secreted by trophoblasts. in bld 1 week after conception. in urine (home test) 2 weeks after conception.
71
what induces lactation?
decrease in progesterone that occurs after labor
72
what is required to maintain milk production?
suckling - nerve stimulation increases oxytocin and prolactin
73
prolactin function in preg
induces and maintains lactation. | decrease reproductive fx.
74
oxytocin function in preg
help with milk letdown. | involved with uterine contractions.
75
what produces hCG?
syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
76
other than during preg, when is hCG elevated?
pathologic states- hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma
77
hCG function
acts like LH to maintain corpus luteum (and thus, progesterone) in 1st tri
78
what takes over when hCG levels decrease?
in 2nd and 3rd tri, placenta synthesizes its own estriol and progesterone. corpus luteum degenerates.
79
menopause
decreased estrogen production due to age-linked decline in number of ovarian follicles
80
avg age of onset in menopause
51 yo, earlier in smokers
81
what is menopause preceded by?
4-5 years of abn menstrual cycles.
82
what is the source of estrogen after menopause?
estrone produced from peripheral conversion of androgens. increased androgens = hirsutism.
83
what is the best test to confirm menopause?
greatly increased FSH - | due to loss of neg feedback on FSH (due to decreased estrogen)
84
hormonal changes in menopause
estrogen decrease. FSH increase greatly. LH increase too but not as much. no surge. GnRH increase.
85
SX of menopause
``` HHAVOC: Hirsutism. Hot flashes. Atrophy of Vagina. Osteoporosis. Coronary artery dz. ```
86
what can early menopause indicate?
premature ovarian failure
87
what happens if hCG is not available to act like LH in 1st tri?
no luteal cell stimulation. | abortion results.

Repro (8 decks)

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