reporting people's thoughts and words

Question 1

how is the reporting verb placed in the reporting clause with relation to the subject?

Answer 1

the reporting verb (e.g. ask, continue) is often placed before the subject when the reporting clause comes after the quotation except when the subject is a pronoun:
said Jim or Jim said BUT
she continued - only

Question 2

how to report a negative sentence?

Answer 2

believe, expect, feel, intend, plan, propose, suppose, think, want - make the verb negative

Question 3

VOCAB complain - (synonym)
say sth at the same time- (with colloc)
REPAY collocations
interject -

Answer 3

grumble
chorus, chorus in unison, burst into a chorus of, join the chorus, a chorus of complaint
repay the bank loan, repay the loan to, repay sb for, repay a debt, to be repaid in full
break in (on), break in shoes, break in staff gently

Question 4

when is THAT not left out?

Answer 4

in formal writing, after complain, confide, deny, grumble, speculate, warn, answer , argue, reply

Question 5

object + to-infinitive (often to be),

Answer 5

feel , acknowledge, assume, believe, consider, declare, expect, find, presume, think, report, understand

Question 6

when must we include an object between the verb and the that-clause

Answer 6

notify, assure, reassure, convince, inform, persuade, remind, tell

Question 7

after which verbs do we use of

Answer 7

demand, require, ask

Question 8

what verbs must have an object before an wh-clause

Answer 8

remind, tell, advise, instruct, inform, teach , warn, show

Question 9

the way how or the way/ how

Answer 9

the way/ how

Question 10

how to use WHETHER

Answer 10

similar meaning to if
choose, consider, debate, decide, determine, discuss, know , think about, wonder - whether + to-infinitive
in formal context AS TO WHETHER
: opinion was divided as to whether the study findings were representative of the population as a whole

Question 11

descent vocab

Answer 11

go into a steep descent, descent into, make final descent into the airport, of .. descent, trace line of descent , direct descent from

Question 12

shelter vocab

Answer 12

shelter in a shepherd’s hut
provide/give shelter from, take shelter , to shelter

Question 13

when to use a present rather a past tense

Answer 13

• to report info that we’ve been told or heard but don’t know whether it’s true I HEAR
• to report what is said by some authority THE LAW SAYS
• to report what many people say EVERY TEACHER I’VE SPOKEN TO TELLS ME THAT

Question 14

consume, discharge vocab

Answer 14

consume vast quantities of , the sheer quantity of equipment is staggering, discharge massive quantities of dust into the atmosphere
discharge waste/oil, discharge - perform a duty, discharge a debt , discharge a gun employees found to have committed any breaches in the discharge of their duties will be reprimanded
wrongful discharge - unfair dismissal, discharge from hospital

Question 15

how to use TO-INF

Answer 15

1). a to -clause - propose, agree, demand, guarantee, offer, promise, swear, threaten,
volunteer
2) an object+to-inf - encourage, advise, ask, call on, command, instruct, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, request, urge, warn, tell

Question 16

call on and vow meanings
command colloc

Answer 16

call on - pay a visit; have recourse to, demand that sb do sth, call on staff/strength (use)
vow - promise and make a decision - vow to/that/make or take a vow
at command, give the command, obey commands, command respect

Question 17

after which verbs can we use a that clause instead of a to-inf clause

Answer 17

promise, demand, agree, expect, guarantee, hope, propose, request, vow

Question 18

which verbs are ONLY used with a that-clause
and which verbs are ONLY used with a to-inf

Answer 18

insist, order, say, suggest ;
intend, long, offer, refuse, volunteer, want

Question 19

fare vocab

Answer 19

train/bus fare, tender your fare, a single/return fare, to afford the air fare, prefer simple fare(food)

Question 20

early -

Answer 20

in good time

Question 21

tone vocab
engaged vocab

Answer 21

keep getting the engaged tone, the dialling tone, a sympathetic tone, tone of voice, lower/raise the tone, set the tone for, tone sth down, customers calling to book the tickets found the line was constantly engaged
be otherwise engaged, engaged phone/toilet

Question 22

BAN colloc
the full treatment -
junction

Answer 22

enforce/impose/lift a ban
the works
studies show that accidents occur at road junctions/to avoid the road works, police have advised leaving the motorway at junction 3

Question 23

noun+ that clause(list as many as you can)

Answer 23

the claim is often made that, come to the conclusion that, acknowledgement, advice, allegation, announcement, answer, argument, comment, decision, explanation, forecast, guarantee, indication, observation, promise, recommendation, reply, speculation, statement, suggestion, threat, warning

Question 24

forecast vocab

Answer 24

give/make/provide a forecast on sth, a budget/profit/revenue/deficit forecast, economic/bleak/gloomy forecast, be forecast as(coal consumption forecast to increase)

Question 25

indication vocab

Answer 25

an indication that/of, give (no) an indication of,

Question 26

an increase in sth

Answer 26

upswing
predict/forecast an upswing in, be on the upswing,
an upswing in economic activity, the manufacturing sector appears to be on the upswing

Question 27

noun+to inf

Answer 27

encouragement to, invitation to, decision, instruction, order, promise, recommendation, refusal, threat, warning

Question 28

instruction vocab

Answer 28

act on/under instruction, give sb strict instructions to, provide instruction on how to , give sb basic instructions in, the instructions manual

Question 29

noun+wh

Answer 29

raise the question of how…
look at the issue of

Question 30

recommendation vocab

Answer 30

do sth on sb’s recommendation, make the recommendation that, on the recommendation of

Question 31

to introduce the subject of a question or topic discussed or thought about

Answer 31

as to + wh, as to+wh+to inf
ask advice as to whether
some discussion as to whether,
give strict instructions as to how

Question 32

to compete in an election
- opinion

Answer 32

run or stand
stand on
make a stand against, as things stand, stand empty/ united

Question 33

how to use adjectives to report people’s thoughts

Answer 33

• certain, adamant, agreed, angry, annoyed, grateful, insistent, sure THAT
• unsure/doubtful/uncertain WH- CLAUSE
• critical of, apologetic about/for, complimentary about, tactful about, dismissive of, scornful of, abusive to /towards, sympathetic about/to/towards

Question 34

agreed, insistent, doubtful colloc

Answer 34

the agreed time/place, be agreed on sth/that,
insistent demands/appeals, be insistent that
be doubtful about, it is doubtful whether/if/that/ of
many of us are doubtful about the value of these new educational strategies

Question 35

showing scorn

Answer 35

scornful
a scornful tone/remark
have nothing but scorn for, heap/pour scorn on,

Question 36

be in favour of

Answer 36

sympathetic of: i was sympathetic to his cause
lend a sympathetic ear to

Question 37

how to report advice, orders, suggestions abt things that need to be done or are desirable

Answer 37

that - clause + should+bare inf.
they have proposed that he should move to their office; we advised that the company should not raise its prices
- after should we often use be+p.p. or adj :
they directed that the building should be pulled down; we insist that the money should be available to all students struggling financially

Question 38

direct vocab

Answer 38

direct a charity, direct the traffic, direct at/towards/against

Question 39

can we leave out should

Answer 39

yes, you can leave out should and use the base form of the verb: they directed that the building be pulled down
advise, ask, beg, command, demand, insist, instruct, intend, order, prefer, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, warn , propose
- to make a negative use NOT before the verbs: we advised that the government not cut taxes
- we can also use THAT with the reporting verbs and a noun made from the aforementioned verbs: he issued an order that all weapons be handed in

Question 40

advise vocab

Answer 40

advise sb to/against/that, advise sb on sth, be well advised to,
advise sb of sth - inform
they were advised of their rights; you’ll be advised of the requirements

Question 41

ask vocab

Answer 41

we ask that any faulty goods be returned in their original package
the solicitor asked that her client be allowed to make a phone call
ask yourself- consider

Question 42

stipulate vocab

Answer 42

the law stipulates that new cars have seat belts for the driver; the document stipulates certain conditions
with the stipulation that they never be publicly exhibited

Question 43

submit

Answer 43

hand in resignation/essay

Question 44

request colloc

Answer 44

respond to a request, receive a request, decline/turn down a request, at sb’s request, application forms are available on request

Question 45

adhere to

Answer 45

keep to original plan, keep to the point

Question 46

timetable coll

Answer 46

a bus/railway timetable , a hectic/tight timetable, the timetable for a trip, the timetable of events

Question 47

… business

Answer 47

expand
an excellent opportunity to expand business
expand into new markets, expand rapidly/significantly, expand the range of products and services, expand on

Question 48

conference

Answer 48

hold a conference, book the conference room, speak at/attend a conference

Question 49

adj for should (it is)

Answer 49

we can use should or sometimes the subjunctive (w/o) in a that clause after it+be+adj : inappropriate ,advisable, appalling, conceivable(in), crucial, essential, imperative, important, obligatory, necessary, urgent, vital
- we sometimes use should in a that clause to describe our own emotions : astounded, anxious, shocked, surprised, upset, amazed, disappointed: i am concerned that she should think I didn’t want her to be there

Question 50

inappropriate vocab

Answer 50

inappropriate for sb to do sth, deem inappropriate, completely/wholly inappropriate, inappropriate conduct
It is entirely inappropriate for fast food chains to be linked to sport

Question 51

appalling vocab
conceivable vocab

Answer 51

appalling weather/conduct/injury/conditions
just conceivable that, in every conceivable way, inconceivable to sb, it would be inconceivable for sb to, almost/virtually inconceivable

Question 52

important synonyms with collocations

Answer 52

crucial : a crucial decision/question, be crucial to, it is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately, the behaviour of the oceans is a crucial aspect of the global warming
essential : essential for/to, it is essential that our prices remain competitive, computer literacy is becoming as essential as the ability to drive cars; an essential component of; be quick to grasp the essentials of;
imperative that/to: immediate action was imperative; it is imperative that standards are maintained; the president said it was imperative that the release of all hostages be secured

Question 53

compulsory or traditional and expected

Answer 53

obligatory
it is obligatory for us to do sth; fill out the obligatory forms