clauses Flashcards
structure
abt things:
subject = which/that
object= which/that/-
abt people:
subject who/that
object who/that/whom
non-defining
things:
subject which/that
object which/that
people:
subject who
object who/whom
WHICH is more likely in a formal context in defining clauses
when to use THAT
after = something, anything, all, little, much, none, superlatives
these walls are all that remain of the city
she is one of the kindest people that I know
by which way or method
whereby
set up/devise a plan whereby
thereby- as a result
an agreement whereby
which, what- how to make more formal
preposition+which
at which-when
on/by which-when
there are several small ponds in which a variety of fish live
prepositions in relative clauses
in formal context noun+of which is preferred to whose+ noun and that….of: a vast amount of oil was spilled, the effects of which are still being felt
- after BOTH we use of which/of whose: she was able to switch between German and English, both of which she spoke fluently ( all, each, many, most, neither, none, part, some, a number, superlatives)
- whose comes after a preposition in a relative clause : I now turn to Freud, from whose work the following quotation is- taken from
- we usually put a preposition before whose/whom: the rate at which a material heats up depends on its chemical composition; among whom are…
- after a preposition we usually use whom rather than who: consult the public to whom they are accountable / the valley in which the town lies is heavily polluted
- if the verb in the relative clause is a two-word verb (come across, fill in, take on, look after), we don’t put the preposition before the relative pronoun
the Roman coins, which a local farmer came across in a field, are now on display / to whom I look up, who I look up to
sb for whom I have great respect, the currency in which most world trade was conducted, change the date on which the furniture is to be delivered, after whom it was named, of which you should be aware, details are in the instruction manual with which the printer was supplied, half of which/the first of which, all of whom,
a line of products
launch a new generation of high speed trains
electricity generation from wind and wave power
a new generation of/ develop the next generation of computers
to specify or add information
namely or that is with commas
the main cause of global warming, namely/that is the burning of fossil fuels, is to be the focus of negotiations at the international conference
what times to use with clauses, adverbial meanings
- having+p.p. if the action in the main clause is the consequence of the event in the participle clause: having broken her leg last time she went, Mai decided not to…
- use either a -ing or a having+p.p. clause when the action in the participle clause is complete before the action in the main clause begins :
walking through the tunnel, i banged my head on the low roof.
having learned some spanish as a child, i was able to understand - with prepositions use -ing with an adverbial meaning: while understanding her problem, i…./since coming out of hospital, i have been to the gym every day
= by+ing = the method or means used, on+ing=when, in+ing= cause: in writing about Spanish culture, I came to understand the country better, on returning home
-a clause beginning with a conjunction or adjective but with no verb. while in poland, …whenever possible
gain colloc
- gain a place at a university
- gain sth from , gain weight/high salaries
- gain on sb
- substantial gains in term of, the relentless pursuit of personal gain
- gain ground= become popular
- gain access to the market
