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BIOSCIENCE > Repoductive system > Flashcards

Repoductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the shape and dimensions of the uterus

A

Inverted pear shape about 7.5cm long and 5cm in diameter.

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2
Q

Name the three layers of the uterine wall

A

Endometrium: glandular
Myometrium: muscular
Perimetrium: serous covering

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3
Q

Under influence of oestrogen glands, blood vessels & epithelium change in monthly uterine cycle what is this more commonly known as

A

A period

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4
Q

During Follicular development
Between days 8 and 10 the ovaries contain how many follicle destined for further development

A

Singular follicle

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5
Q

During Follicular development on days 10-14 what would start to appear

A

a bulge on the ovary surface

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6
Q

At birth how many follicles can be found

A

2 million

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7
Q

At puberty how many follicles can be found

A

Around 400,000

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8
Q

Primary occytes are found where

A

in egg nests surrounded by
follicular cells: PRIMORDAL
FOLLICLE
2 stages to development:
Follicular stage
Stimulated by Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicular cells surrounding oocyte divide to produce several layer (Granulosa cells)
Granulosa & surrounding Thecal cells work together to produce sex hormones: oestrogens
Fluid accumulates between granulosa cells
Follicle enlarges

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9
Q

As a fetus the female ovary contains
how many occytes

A

6 million

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10
Q

A female is born with how many occytes

A

1 to 2 million

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11
Q

By the time of puberty there are roughly how many occytes

A

300,000 to 400,000

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12
Q

roughly how many immature follicles become atretic each month

A

10,000

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13
Q

How long are the Fallopian tubes

A

13cm

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14
Q

Oocyte moves along tube by peristalsis & movement of cilia name the 3 sections this is divided up in to

A

Infundibulum: expanded funnel with projections of fimbiae

Ampulla: widest part of tube Site of fertilisation thick, smooth muscle layers environment to nourish sperm & pre embryo

lsthmus: short segment connecting to uterine wall

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15
Q

Name the 6 external parts of the female genitalia

A

Vulva (external genitalia or pudendum)

Mons pubis: created by adipose tissue

Labia majora:

Labia minora:

Clitoris:

Vestibule: Contains vaginal opening, urethral opening Glands secreting mucus

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16
Q

Describe hormonal control in woman

A

Regulatory pattern more complex in women than men.
Controlled by hormones which co-ordinate
ovarian cycle
Uterine cycle

Hormonal control via pituitary gland and ovaries
Hormonal control varies according to
Frequency (number of times)
Amplitude ( amount secreted each time)

Lasts approx. 28 days ( variation 21-35 days

17
Q

GnRH is released from what

A

Released from hypothalamus in response to levels of circulating hormones

18
Q

what gland releases the Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

secreted by anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates follicle development, oestrogen production and oocyte maturation

19
Q

Luteinizing hormone stimulates what

A

Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone secretion

20
Q

where is Luteinizing hormone stimulated

A

anterior pituitary gland

21
Q

Oestrogen does what

A

Secretion stimulated by FSH
Establish & maintain secondary sex characteristics and behaviour
Stimulates repair and growth of endometrium
Decreases viscosity of cervical mucus

22
Q

Progesterone does what

A

stimulates endometrial growth and glandular secretion

23
Q

Simply put what is the mensural cycle

A

A recurring cycle of physiological changes that occur in reproductive-age females in order to prepare her for a pregnancy

24
Q

describe how this cycle is regulated.

A

these changes are regulated by the interactions of hormones released under the influence of steroids from the hypothalamus. The 4 key hormones are oestrogen and progesterone (from the ovaries) and FSH and LH (from the pituitary gland in the brain).

The hormones regulate changes in the ovaries (the ovarian cycle) and the uterus (uterine cycle). On average one cycle occurs every 28 days. The cycle begins on the first day of a woman’s period, and ovulation generally occurs around day 14.

25
Q

Enzymes in acrosomal cap of sperm break down bonds between what cells

A

corona radiata cells

26
Q

Describe fertilization

A

Only 1 sperm will accomplish fertilisation & activate oocyte

Fusion of membranes by first sperm sets in motion events which block fertilisation by others
Depolarisation and hardening of zona pellucida
Oocyte completes its division into a large Ovum (mature egg) & small polar body
Pronucleus of egg and sperm fuse
The fertilised ovum is now called a zygote

27
Q

what do the testes produce

A

Testes produce physically mature sperm incapable of co-ordinated movement or fertilisation
Functional maturation, nourishment, storage and transport of sperm comes from other portions of the tract

28
Q

Describe the Epididymis
and its role

A

coiled tube bound to posterior
borders of testes
continuous with vas deferens
sperm modified as pass through
Completes functional maturation but still immobile

29
Q

describe the composition of semen

A

Sperm from the epididymus
Fluid medium from accessory glands:
Fructose – fuel for sperm
Prostoglandins – reduce viscosity of mucus guarding cervix; reverses peristalsis in uterus
Hormone relaxin and enzymes enhance sperm motility
Alkaline solution (pH 7.2-7.6) helps neutralise acid environment of male urethra and vagina
Enzymes – break down mucus barriers
Volm. – 2-6ml
Density – 60-150 million/ml
Motility – 50% are motile
Morphology – 60-80% have a normal shape

30
Q

describe the function of the testes within the endocrine system.

A

Stimulates growth of seminiferous tubules
Necessary for development and maintenance of the accessory glands and sex organs
Responsible for the changes seen in puberty:
Male physique/muscle development
Stimulates bone growth
Growth of facial and body hair
Lowering of voice pitch
Increase in sebum secretion in skin
Development and maintenance of libido

31
Q

what is Spermatogenesis

A

Meiosis II: each cell
divides thus producing
4 cells each containing
23 chromosomes

32
Q

what is mitosis

A

Normal cell division nvolves the splitting of each cell into 2 identical daughter cells, each containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

33
Q

the halving of chromosomes occurs by what process

A

meiosis

34
Q

define Zygote

A

One cell ; union of oocyte and spermatozoon

35
Q

define Morula

A

Ball of cells resulting from cleavage; ‘mulberry’

36
Q

define Blastocyst

A

Cavity forms inside morula - contains inner cell mass

37
Q

define Embryo

A

Developing human in first 8 weeks of life

38
Q

define fetus

A

nine weeks to birth

BIOSCIENCE (8 decks)

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