Repoductive system

Question 1

Describe the shape and dimensions of the uterus

Answer 1

Inverted pear shape about 7.5cm long and 5cm in diameter.

Question 2

Name the three layers of the uterine wall

Answer 2

Endometrium: glandular
Myometrium: muscular
Perimetrium: serous covering

Question 3

Under influence of oestrogen glands, blood vessels & epithelium change in monthly uterine cycle what is this more commonly known as

Answer 3

A period

Question 4

During Follicular development
Between days 8 and 10 the ovaries contain how many follicle destined for further development

Answer 4

Singular follicle

Question 5

During Follicular development on days 10-14 what would start to appear

Answer 5

a bulge on the ovary surface

Question 6

At birth how many follicles can be found

Answer 6

2 million

Question 7

At puberty how many follicles can be found

Answer 7

Around 400,000

Question 8

Primary occytes are found where

Answer 8

in egg nests surrounded by
follicular cells: PRIMORDAL
FOLLICLE
2 stages to development:
Follicular stage
Stimulated by Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicular cells surrounding oocyte divide to produce several layer (Granulosa cells)
Granulosa & surrounding Thecal cells work together to produce sex hormones: oestrogens
Fluid accumulates between granulosa cells
Follicle enlarges

Question 9

As a fetus the female ovary contains
how many occytes

Answer 9

6 million

Question 10

A female is born with how many occytes

Answer 10

1 to 2 million

Question 11

By the time of puberty there are roughly how many occytes

Answer 11

300,000 to 400,000

Question 12

roughly how many immature follicles become atretic each month

Answer 12

10,000

Question 13

How long are the Fallopian tubes

Answer 13

13cm

Question 14

Oocyte moves along tube by peristalsis & movement of cilia name the 3 sections this is divided up in to

Answer 14

Infundibulum: expanded funnel with projections of fimbiae

Ampulla: widest part of tube Site of fertilisation thick, smooth muscle layers environment to nourish sperm & pre embryo

lsthmus: short segment connecting to uterine wall

Question 15

Name the 6 external parts of the female genitalia

Answer 15

Vulva (external genitalia or pudendum)

Mons pubis: created by adipose tissue

Labia majora:

Labia minora:

Clitoris:

Vestibule: Contains vaginal opening, urethral opening Glands secreting mucus

Question 16

Describe hormonal control in woman

Answer 16

Regulatory pattern more complex in women than men.
Controlled by hormones which co-ordinate
ovarian cycle
Uterine cycle

Hormonal control via pituitary gland and ovaries
Hormonal control varies according to
Frequency (number of times)
Amplitude ( amount secreted each time)

Lasts approx. 28 days ( variation 21-35 days

Question 17

GnRH is released from what

Answer 17

Released from hypothalamus in response to levels of circulating hormones

Question 18

what gland releases the Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Answer 18

secreted by anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates follicle development, oestrogen production and oocyte maturation

Question 19

Luteinizing hormone stimulates what

Answer 19

Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone secretion

Question 20

where is Luteinizing hormone stimulated

Answer 20

anterior pituitary gland

Question 21

Oestrogen does what

Answer 21

Secretion stimulated by FSH
Establish & maintain secondary sex characteristics and behaviour
Stimulates repair and growth of endometrium
Decreases viscosity of cervical mucus

Question 22

Progesterone does what

Answer 22

stimulates endometrial growth and glandular secretion

Question 23

Simply put what is the mensural cycle

Answer 23

A recurring cycle of physiological changes that occur in reproductive-age females in order to prepare her for a pregnancy

Question 24

describe how this cycle is regulated.

Answer 24

these changes are regulated by the interactions of hormones released under the influence of steroids from the hypothalamus. The 4 key hormones are oestrogen and progesterone (from the ovaries) and FSH and LH (from the pituitary gland in the brain).

The hormones regulate changes in the ovaries (the ovarian cycle) and the uterus (uterine cycle). On average one cycle occurs every 28 days. The cycle begins on the first day of a woman’s period, and ovulation generally occurs around day 14.

Question 25

Enzymes in acrosomal cap of sperm break down bonds between what cells

Answer 25

corona radiata cells

Question 26

Describe fertilization

Answer 26

Only 1 sperm will accomplish fertilisation & activate oocyte Fusion of membranes by first sperm sets in motion events which block fertilisation by others Depolarisation and hardening of zona pellucida Oocyte completes its division into a large Ovum (mature egg) & small polar body Pronucleus of egg and sperm fuse The fertilised ovum is now called a zygote

Question 27

what do the testes produce

Answer 27

Testes produce physically mature sperm incapable of co-ordinated movement or fertilisation Functional maturation, nourishment, storage and transport of sperm comes from other portions of the tract

Question 28

Describe the Epididymis and its role

Answer 28

coiled tube bound to posterior borders of testes continuous with vas deferens sperm modified as pass through Completes functional maturation but still immobile

Question 29

describe the composition of semen

Answer 29

Sperm from the epididymus Fluid medium from accessory glands: Fructose – fuel for sperm Prostoglandins – reduce viscosity of mucus guarding cervix; reverses peristalsis in uterus Hormone relaxin and enzymes enhance sperm motility Alkaline solution (pH 7.2-7.6) helps neutralise acid environment of male urethra and vagina Enzymes – break down mucus barriers Volm. – 2-6ml Density – 60-150 million/ml Motility – 50% are motile Morphology – 60-80% have a normal shape

Question 30

describe the function of the testes within the endocrine system.

Answer 30

Stimulates growth of seminiferous tubules Necessary for development and maintenance of the accessory glands and sex organs Responsible for the changes seen in puberty: Male physique/muscle development Stimulates bone growth Growth of facial and body hair Lowering of voice pitch Increase in sebum secretion in skin Development and maintenance of libido

Question 31

what is Spermatogenesis

Answer 31

Meiosis II: each cell divides thus producing 4 cells each containing 23 chromosomes

Question 32

what is mitosis

Answer 32

Normal cell division nvolves the splitting of each cell into 2 identical daughter cells, each containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Question 33

the halving of chromosomes occurs by what process

Answer 33

meiosis

Question 34

define Zygote

Answer 34

One cell ; union of oocyte and spermatozoon

Question 35

define Morula

Answer 35

Ball of cells resulting from cleavage; ‘mulberry’

Question 36

define Blastocyst

Answer 36

Cavity forms inside morula - contains inner cell mass

Question 37

define Embryo

Answer 37

Developing human in first 8 weeks of life

Question 38

define fetus

Answer 38

nine weeks to birth