Renal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
How many kidneys are there?
2
Roughly what are the length width and thickness?
Length: 10-12cms long
Width: 5.5-6cms wide
Thickness: 3cms thick
What are the 3 supportive structures of the kidneys?
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
What is the Renal capsule?
fibrous transparent outer coat)
What is the adipose capsule?
fatty mass that holds kidney in place against posterior trunk muscles)
What is the renal fascia?
dense fibrous connective tissue that actually anchors these organs to surrounding structures and also encloses the adrenal glands)
What are adrenal glands?
Produce various hormones including: corticosteroids glucocorticoids testosterone
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical Nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What’s the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?
cortical are short loops of henle and juxtamedullary are deep loops of henle.
What is glomerulus?
Fenestrations prevent passage
of blood cells
The basement membrane
prevents the passage of all but
the smallest proteins.
Aided further by the podocytes
Molecules smaller than 3nm in diameter can pass
During pregnancy when does kidney development start?
Kidney development starts in week 4
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
What are the 7 functions of the kidneys?
Fluid BalanceToxic Waste Removal Electrolyte Balance
Blood Pressure Control
Acid Base Balance
Vit D Metabolism
Red Blood Cell Production
What do the kidneys function as and why do they function like that?
All these functions occur because the kidneys act as a filter.
They filter out substances in the blood and those substances leave the body in urine.
The kidneys control how much of a substance leaves the body in the urine.
Name 6 electrolytes
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphate
Where does:
Urea come from?
Creatine come from?
Urea – From protein metabolism
Creatinine - From muscle metabolism
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
GFR = amount of plasma filtered through the glomeruli per unit of time.
Normal adults= 80-120 ml/minute
Autoregulation
What does the loop of Henle do?
Concentrates the urine.
Water is removed from the filtrate and reabsorbed into the blood.
Sodium
Chloride
Hormones that act on the DCT and Collecting Ducts
Parathyroid Hormone
Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?
Parathyroid glands
Calcium and Phosphate
Antidiuretic hormone
Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?
Pituitary gland
Water
Aldosterone
Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?
Adrenal glands
Sodium
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?
Heart
Sodium and Water
Some substances are secreted into the tubule from the blood - name some
Reverse process
Hydrogen
Potassium
Creatinine
Ammonium ions
Urea
Organic acids
Why can some substances not be reabsorbed from the tubule from blood?
To big.
Not lipid soluble.
Lack of carrier molecules.
Urea, some is reabsorbed by solvent drag but 50% is not.
100% Creatinine remains unabsorbed.
How does micturition (passing urine) work?
. Bladder fills and stretches
- Nerve impulse to spinal cord
- Nerve impulse back to bladder - relaxation of internal sphincter
- Conscious contraction of external sphincter.
In infants nerve impulse (3) causes involuntary bladder contraction
Infants do not have conscious control of external sphincter control (4)
