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BIOSCIENCE > Renal Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many kidneys are there?

A

2

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2
Q

Roughly what are the length width and thickness?

A

Length: 10-12cms long
Width: 5.5-6cms wide
Thickness: 3cms thick

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3
Q

What are the 3 supportive structures of the kidneys?

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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4
Q

What is the Renal capsule?

A

fibrous transparent outer coat)

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5
Q

What is the adipose capsule?

A

fatty mass that holds kidney in place against posterior trunk muscles)

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6
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue that actually anchors these organs to surrounding structures and also encloses the adrenal glands)

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7
Q

What are adrenal glands?

A

Produce various hormones including: corticosteroids glucocorticoids testosterone

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8
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical Nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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9
Q

What’s the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

cortical are short loops of henle and juxtamedullary are deep loops of henle.

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10
Q

What is glomerulus?

A

Fenestrations prevent passage
of blood cells
The basement membrane
prevents the passage of all but
the smallest proteins.
Aided further by the podocytes

Molecules smaller than 3nm in diameter can pass

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11
Q

During pregnancy when does kidney development start?

A

Kidney development starts in week 4
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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12
Q

What are the 7 functions of the kidneys?

A

Fluid BalanceToxic Waste Removal Electrolyte Balance
Blood Pressure Control
Acid Base Balance
Vit D Metabolism
Red Blood Cell Production

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13
Q

What do the kidneys function as and why do they function like that?

A

All these functions occur because the kidneys act as a filter.

They filter out substances in the blood and those substances leave the body in urine.

The kidneys control how much of a substance leaves the body in the urine.

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14
Q

Name 6 electrolytes

A

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphate

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15
Q

Where does:

Urea come from?
Creatine come from?

A

Urea – From protein metabolism

Creatinine - From muscle metabolism

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16
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A

GFR = amount of plasma filtered through the glomeruli per unit of time.

Normal adults= 80-120 ml/minute

Autoregulation

17
Q

What does the loop of Henle do?

A

Concentrates the urine.

Water is removed from the filtrate and reabsorbed into the blood.

Sodium

Chloride

18
Q

Hormones that act on the DCT and Collecting Ducts

Parathyroid Hormone

Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?

A

Parathyroid glands

Calcium and Phosphate

19
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?

A

Pituitary gland

Water

20
Q

Aldosterone

Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?

A

Adrenal glands
Sodium

21
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Where is it secreted from?
What does cause reabsorption of?

A

Heart

Sodium and Water

22
Q

Some substances are secreted into the tubule from the blood - name some

A

Reverse process
Hydrogen
Potassium
Creatinine
Ammonium ions
Urea
Organic acids

23
Q

Why can some substances not be reabsorbed from the tubule from blood?

A

To big.
Not lipid soluble.
Lack of carrier molecules.
Urea, some is reabsorbed by solvent drag but 50% is not.
100% Creatinine remains unabsorbed.

24
Q

How does micturition (passing urine) work?

A

. Bladder fills and stretches

  1. Nerve impulse to spinal cord
  2. Nerve impulse back to bladder - relaxation of internal sphincter
  3. Conscious contraction of external sphincter.

In infants nerve impulse (3) causes involuntary bladder contraction

Infants do not have conscious control of external sphincter control (4)

25
Q

How do the kidneys control blood pressure?

A

Kidneys control blood pressure by maintaining fluid balance.

Also control blood pressure by a complex system called:
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

26
Q

The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - what is it?

How does it work?

A

A system that regulates blood pressure through fluids.

It regulates your blood pressure by increasing sodium (salt) reabsorption, water reabsorption (retention) and vascular tone (the degree to which your blood vessels constrict, or narrow)

27
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

28
Q

What are some age related changes to the bladder?

A

Decline in ability to inhibit bladder contraction

Urgency
Frequency
Nocturia

Incontinence

29
Q

Age related changes to the kidney function?

A

Week 10 gestation filtration of fluid and urine production begins.
At 1 year- kidney function is that of an adult
Natural decline in kidney function from 40 years old

BIOSCIENCE (8 decks)

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