Repiratory Patho Flashcards
Infectious diseases
Upper
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Infectious diseases
Lower
Bronchiolitis (RSV)
Pneumonia
SARS/MERS
TB
Fungal diseases
Obstructive lung diseases
Cystic fibrosis
Cancer
Aspiration pneumonia
Asthma
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Obstructive lung diseases means
Cannot get the air out of the lungs
Restrictive lung diseases
Chest wall abnormalities
Connective tissue abnormalities
Restrictive lung diseases means
Cannot get the air into the lungs
Vascular disorders
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Expansion disorders
Atelectasis
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Acute inflammatory process that affects mucus membrane of the upper respiratory
tract
ex of UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Includes one or more of the following problems
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION Symptoms
Low-grade fever, malaise, sore throat, discharge
UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION Etiology
> 200 different viruses have been implicated
Can get secondary bacterial infection
LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
Pneumonia
6th leading cause of death in US; incidence
highest in elderly
Etiology
Common bacteria: pneumococcus
Viral most common in children
Community acquired:
Pneumococcus
Nosocomial
Pseudomonas, MRSA
Fungi – Coccidiomycosis (Valley Fever)
Trauma to lungs
Foreign body aspiration
TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
TB incidence began increasing in the late 1980’s
HIV population → opportunistic infections
Increase in low socio-economic and homeless population
Doctor complacency
Drug company complacency
Patient non-compliance
Led to bacterial resistance
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is quite resistant to eradication and can live in an inactive
form for long times
Example = dried sputum
Very contagious via air droplets
TB Signs and symptoms
fever, chills,
night sweats, productive cough, loss of appetite,
weight loss, and fatigue.
LUNG CANCER
Broadly classified into two types
Non-small cell
Small cell
Based upon the microscopic appearance of the tumor
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Irreversible progressive obstruction of air flow in lungs
Includes
Chronic Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Emphysema
Air goes into lungs easily but unable to come out; air trapped in distal alveoli,
causing hyperinflation & over-distension
Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)
Chronic inflammation of mucus membrane
Defined as a chronic mucus producing cough
most days of the month, three months of the
year for two successive years without other
underlying disease to explain the cough
Hyperplasia of mucosa & destruction of cilia
Results in a chronic, deep, productive cough
Long term smoking, certain environmental
factors such as textile dust fibers
Chronic Bronchitis (COPD) symptoms
Productive cough, SOB, wheezing
Bronchiectasis (COPD)
Permanent, irreversible dilation & distortion of
bronchi
Complication of cystic fibrosis
TB
Takes years to develop
Primarily in the lower lobes
Bronchiectasis (COPD) symptoms
Chronic productive cough
COPD Emphysema
Destructive disease of alveolar septa
Permanent & irreversible
Non-functioning alveoli
Chest x-ray shows: translucent appearing
lungs, flattened diaphragm, &
cardiomegaly
Clubbed fingers
Increased lung compliance
Decreased lung elasticity
ASTHMA
Chronic inflammatory disorder
associated with airway hyper-
responsiveness leading to recurrent
episodes
Often reversible airflow limitation
Prevalence increasing in many
countries, especially in children
ASTHMA triggers
Triggers
Allergens
Exercise (EIA)
Especially in cold weather
Air pollutants
Occupational factors
Respiratory infections
viral
Chronic sinus and nose problems
Drugs and food additives
NSAIDs, ß-blockers, ACEi, dye, sulfites
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Psychological factors
stress
RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES
Characterized by decreased airway compliance
Two groups of diseases
Abnormalities of chest wall which limits lung expansion
Includes:
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Polio
ALS
Muscular dystrophy
Burn scar
Disease affecting lung tissue that provides supporting framework
Includes:
Occupational diseases (pneumoconiosis)
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (autoimmune disease)
Pulmonary edema
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Pulmonary edema
Fluid collection (edema) in all lung tissues
Affects gas exchange
Affects lung expansion
Key = pulmonary capillary pressure increases &
fluid moves into alveoli
Capillaries rupture & get bloody sputum
(hemoptysis)
True medical emergency
Pulmonary edema Etiology
Left sided heart failure
Inhalation of toxic gases
Lymphatic blockage (e.g. from tumor)
VASCULAR DISORDERS
Pulmonary Emboli
Clot of foreign matter that occludes artery in
pulmonary system
Size of embolus & general health of patient
determine degree of damage and amount of
symptoms
Thrombus (most common)
Air, fat, bacteria, tissue
Large bone fractures can result in fat emboli
Risk increased by CHF, lung disease, stasis
with varicosities
90% originate from deep veins (primarily in
leg)
EXPANSION DISORDER
Atelectasis
Collapsed pulmonary tissue
Results in degrees of hypoxia
Causes:
Pleural effusion
Obstruction of the bronchial tree
Obstruction leads to absorption atelectasis
Compression atelectasis
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Pathophysiology = fluid separates the
two pleural membranes
Lungs do not expand properly during
inspiration since there is no cohesion
between —- lung/visceral pleura/
parietal pleura
Types:
Transudates = hydrothorax
Blood = hemothorax
Pus = empyema
PNEUMOTHORAX
Collection of air or gas in pleural
cavity resulting in collapse (either
partial or full) of lung
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Open pneumothorax — usually secondary
to trauma
Tension pneumothorax
COR PULMONALE
Pulmonary heart disease
Disease of the RIGHT side of the heart from pulmonary hypertension
Does not include pulmonary hypertension as a result of LEFT sided heart failure
Causes
COPD
Pulmonary fibrosis
Persistent atelectasis
PE
Pulmonary vascular sclerosis
The right ventricle develops hypertrophy and over time the right ventricle is unable to maintain cardiac
output
Obstructive lung diseases: cycstic fibrosis
a genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the body, leading to breathing and digestion problems
Obstructive lung diseases: Cancer
Broadly classified into two types
Non-small cell
Small cell
Based upon the microscopic appearance of the tumor,
i.e. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant risk factor for lung cancer
Obstructive lung diseases: Aspiration pneumonia
occurs when oral or gastric contents are aspirated into the lungs, leading to infection. It often results from impaired swallowing or protective airway reflexes
Obstructive lung diseases: Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disorder
associated with airway hyper-
responsiveness leading to recurrent
episodes
Often reversible airflow limitation
Prevalence increasing in many
countries, especially in children
Obstructive lung diseases: COPD Emphysema
Destructive disease of alveolar septa
Permanent & irreversible
Non-functioning alveoli
Chest x-ray shows: translucent appearing
lungs, flattened diaphragm, &
cardiomegaly
Clubbed fingers
Increased lung compliance
Decreased lung elasticity
Obstructive lung diseases: Chronic Bronchitis (COPD
Chronic inflammation of mucus membrane
Defined as a chronic mucus producing cough
most days of the month, three months of the
year for two successive years without other
underlying disease to explain the cough
Hyperplasia of mucosa & destruction of cilia
Results in a chronic, deep, productive cough
Long term smoking, certain environmental
factors such as textile dust fibers
What is SARS/MERS
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) are serious infectious respiratory diseases that are caused by members of a class of viruses known as coronaviruses
