CARDIAC AND LYMPHATIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Coronary arteries carry O 2 blood to the _______ ?
Myocardium
When Coronary arteries become narrow or blocked, the areas of the __________ supplied by
that artery do not receive enough O 2
Myocardium
What is Myocardium?
Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle. The myocardium is surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium) and an inner endocardium.
When coronary arteries become narrow or blocked, the areas of the myocardium supplied by
that artery do not receive enough O2, ischemia and injury is the result and this can lead to _______
infarction
Disorders of the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply are collectively
known as…
Ischemic heart disease (IHD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), Coronary heart disease (CHD), Coronary artery disease (CAD) are diseases caused by
insufficient blood supply
One of the most important RISK FACTORS in both coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents is WHAT?
Hypertension
Cardiac hypertrophy
Heart failure
Aortic dissection
Renal failure
Can all be associated with what?
HTN
T/F Blood pressure is the force exerted against the ARTERIAL walls
True
Systolic – pressure exerted when the ______ contracts
heart
Diastolic – pressure when the heart is _______ between beats
relaxed
Norms of blood pressure are:
hypertension occurs when the relationship between blood volume and peripheral resistance is altered
Primary (essential) HTN
Secondary HTN
Renal
Endocrine
ETOH abuse
Drug induced
Pregnancy induced
Acute stress
Secondary HTN
Renal
Endocrine
ETOH abuse
Drug induced
Pregnancy induced
Acute stress
T/F Primary HTN accounts for 90-95%
TRUE
modifiable and non modifiable aspects of HTN
Modifiable
* High sodium intake
* Obesity
* DM
* Hypercholesterolemia
Non-modifiable
* Family history
* Age (> 55)
* Gender
* Male (<55)
* Female (>55)
* Ethnicity
HTN Pathogenesis
Blood flow (CO)
Peripheral resistance (vessel diameter, blood viscosity)
T/F Increased peripheral resistance as a result of the narrowing of the arterioles is the single most common characteristic of HTN
TRUE
Autonomic regulation of HTN
Norepinephrine is released in response to stress
Epinephrine is secreted → increased cardiac contraction, increased cardiac output, vasoconstriction
Renin-angiotensin system for HTN
Causes vasoconstriction within the renal system – increases peripheral resistance
Angiotensin stimulates aldosterone production
Promotes sodium and water retention in the kidney causing intravascular volume
Prolonged hypertension leads to elastic tissue within the arterioles being replaced with _______ collagen tissue
Fibrous
Arteriole becomes less distensible (arteriosclerosis)
and has greater resistance to __________
blood flow
T/F HTN accelerates degenerative changes in the walls of arteries?
TRUE
