CARDIAC AND LYMPHATIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

Coronary arteries carry O 2 blood to the _______ ?

Answer 1

Myocardium

Question 2

When Coronary arteries become narrow or blocked, the areas of the __________ supplied by
that artery do not receive enough O 2

Answer 2

Myocardium

Question 3

What is Myocardium?

Answer 3

Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle. The myocardium is surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium) and an inner endocardium.

Question 4

When coronary arteries become narrow or blocked, the areas of the myocardium supplied by
that artery do not receive enough O2, ischemia and injury is the result and this can lead to _______

Answer 4

infarction

Question 5

Disorders of the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply are collectively
known as…

Answer 5

Ischemic heart disease (IHD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 6

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), Coronary heart disease (CHD), Coronary artery disease (CAD) are diseases caused by

Answer 6

insufficient blood supply

Question 7

One of the most important RISK FACTORS in both coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents is WHAT?

Answer 7

Hypertension

Question 8

Cardiac hypertrophy
Heart failure
Aortic dissection
Renal failure
Can all be associated with what?

Answer 8

HTN

Question 9

T/F Blood pressure is the force exerted against the ARTERIAL walls

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Systolic – pressure exerted when the ______ contracts

Answer 10

heart

Question 11

Diastolic – pressure when the heart is _______ between beats

Answer 11

relaxed

Question 12

Norms of blood pressure are:

Question 13

hypertension occurs when the relationship between blood volume and peripheral resistance is altered

Answer 13

Primary (essential) HTN
Secondary HTN
Renal
Endocrine
ETOH abuse
Drug induced
Pregnancy induced
Acute stress

Question 14

Secondary HTN

Answer 14

Renal
Endocrine
ETOH abuse
Drug induced
Pregnancy induced
Acute stress

Question 15

T/F Primary HTN accounts for 90-95%

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

modifiable and non modifiable aspects of HTN

Answer 16

Modifiable
* High sodium intake
* Obesity
* DM
* Hypercholesterolemia
Non-modifiable
* Family history
* Age (> 55)
* Gender
* Male (<55)
* Female (>55)
* Ethnicity

Question 17

HTN Pathogenesis

Answer 17

Blood flow (CO)
Peripheral resistance (vessel diameter, blood viscosity)

Question 18

T/F Increased peripheral resistance as a result of the narrowing of the arterioles is the single most common characteristic of HTN

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

Autonomic regulation of HTN

Answer 19

Norepinephrine is released in response to stress
Epinephrine is secreted → increased cardiac contraction, increased cardiac output, vasoconstriction

Question 20

Renin-angiotensin system for HTN

Answer 20

Causes vasoconstriction within the renal system – increases peripheral resistance
Angiotensin stimulates aldosterone production
Promotes sodium and water retention in the kidney causing intravascular volume

Question 21

Prolonged hypertension leads to elastic tissue within the arterioles being replaced with _______ collagen tissue

Answer 21

Fibrous

Question 22

Arteriole becomes less distensible (arteriosclerosis)
and has greater resistance to __________

Answer 22

blood flow

Question 23

T/F HTN accelerates degenerative changes in the walls of arteries?

Answer 23

TRUE