endocrine Flashcards
what is the primary job of the endocrine system
to maintain homeostasis
consists of cells and glands that produce
hormones
the endocrine system relies on the ___ system to deliver the hormones
cardiovascular system
the nervous system is quicker than the endocrine system but the effects of the endocrine system last
longer
what are the 5 general functions of endocrine system
differentiate the reproductive and central nervous system of the developing fetus
stimulation of sequential growth and development during childhood and adolescence
coordination of the male and female reproductive systems
maintenance of optimal internal environment throughout the life span
initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency demands occur
dysfunctions of endocrine system involved two classifications
hypofunction/ hyperfunction
the hypothalamus is the master ______, the control _____ of the endocrine system
regulator, center
hypothalamus controls the function of the endocrine organs by ____ and _____ pathways
neural , hormonal
a _____ feedback system regulates the endocrine system
negative
the hypothalamus links the endocrine system with the ______ system through the _____ gland
nervous, pituitary
hypothalamus is located below the ______ and part of the _______ system
thalamus , limbic
the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones / hypothalamic hormones which _______ or ______ the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
stimulate / inhibit
they hypothalamus regulates / controls
body temp, hunger, maternal attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian rhythms
body temp increases and have a fever until the hypothalamus start cooling mechanisms to lower blood temperature, blood temperature drops the hypothalamus will start warming mechanisms - example of a _______ feedback loop
negative
body temp rises - the hypo will start cooling mechanisms and begin to sweat and sweating will cool your body down, the opposite of that is the body temp drops and they hypo will cause your body to shiver and begin to shiver and shake and that begins to help raise your body temperature, examples of
negative feedback loops
hypothalamus releases 5 hormones to the anterior pituitary gland. Which hormone works with thyroid-stimulation
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
hypothalamus releases 5 hormones to the anterior pituitary gland. which hormone works with adrenocorticotropic hormone?
corticotropin - releasing hormone
hypothalamus releases 5 hormones to the anterior pituitary gland. which hormone works with growth hormone?
growth hormone - releasing hormone
hypothalamus releases 5 hormones to the anterior pituitary gland. which one works with prolactic?
prolactin releasing hormone
hypothalamus releases 5 hormones to the anterior pituitary gland. which hormone works with luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone?
gonadotropin - releasing hormone
the hypothalamus also works with nerves in releasing hormones. When the hypothalamus neurally signals the POSTERIOR pituitary gland it will be most likely releasing which two hormones?
oxytocin or vasopressin
oxytocin is known as the _____ drug.
love
oxytocin deals with
telling smooth muscle to contract, tells uterus muscles to contract and boosts the production of prostylglandins which also increases uterus contractions, can help move milk from the ducts in breasts to the nipple, bodies also produce oxytocin when excited by partner and when we fall in love, given to women to help speed up process of labor
vasopressin 2 primary functions
increases the amount of solute free water reabsorb back into circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nefron, constricts arterioles > increasing peripheral vascular resistance >blood pressure
Thyroid gland hormones
Trilodothyronine t3, thyroxine T4, calcitonin
Calcitonin has a physiologic effect on calcium and ______ balance in the body
Phosphorus
Both T3 and T4 regulate the body’s metabolic rate and increase ______ synthesis
Protein
There is hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism deals with a
weight loss/tremors in hands/may feel weak/diarrheic/irritable
Two parathyroid glands are located on the ____ surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland
Posterior
The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which regulates _______ and _______ metabolism
Calcium , phosphorus
PTH increases the release of calcium and phosphate from the body (bone demineralization), increases the absorption of calcium and excretion of the phosphate by the kidneys, and promotes calcium absorption in the ______ tract
GI
Adrenal glands are two small glands located on the ______ part of each kidney
Upper
Each adrenal gland consists of two discrete parts, the outer cortex and the inner _____
Medulla
The outer cortex in the adrenal glands are responsible for the secretion of aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and ______
Androgens
Aldosterone, steroid secreted by adrenal glands, regulates ______ and ______ balance
Fluid and mineral balance
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) , a steroid secreted by the adrenal glands, is responsible for controlling the ______ of glucose
Metabolism
Androgens, a steroid secreted by the adrenal glands, are _____ hormones
Sex
The centrally located adrenal medulla is derived from neural tissue and secretes ______ and nor _______
Epinephrine
Epinerpherine and norepinephrine exert widespread effects on _____tone, heart, the _____ system, and affect ______ metabolism
Vascular, nervous, glucose
The adrenal cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands are major factors in the body’s response to _____
Stress
hypothyroidism can deal with what things…
General loss of metabolism/gain weight/slower heart rate/skin is dry/hair is dry/constipated/intolerance to cold/altered cognition/menstrual irregularities/infertility in women/children stunted growth
Goiter
abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland - can occur with too much or too little or the correct amount -
goiter represents there is a condition present for area to grow abnormally
reasons of a goiter could be from
Lack of iodine»_space;
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis»_space;
Graves’ disease
adrenal insufficiency
a disorder occurs when the adrenal glands do not make enough cortisol, fatigue, mm weakness, loss of apetite, weight loss and abdominal pain - ADDISONS disease - can be caused by autoimmune disease or suddenly stopping steroid medicines that are being used to treat other conditions
secondary adrenal insufficiency is
when that pit gland doesn’t make enough of the hormone adrenocorticotrophic hormone
adrenocortical hyperfunction
overexpression of products of adrenal cortex like cortisol»_space;> cushings syndrome
conn syndrome»_space;> hormonal condition where 1 or both adrenal glands produce more of the hormone aldosterone than normal - aldosterone helps balance the levels of salt and potassium in the blood pressure - so an overproduction causes high blood pressure which can be severe
Human growth hormone also know as a somato_______
tropin
HGH is produced where
anterior pituitary gland
HGH is responsible for
regulating many of body’s basal metabolic functions and responsible for growth regulation during childhood
induces growth in every tissue / organ in the body however it is more known for its growth promoting effects in cartilage and bone - chondrocytes and osteoblasts in bone receive signals to increase replication and thus allow for growth in size
growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis and increases fat breakdown to provide the energy for tissue growth and also opposes the action of insulin and GH may act directly on tissues but much of it is mediated by stimulation of liver and other tissues to produce and release insuline like growth factors
growth hormone deficiency
dwarfism - damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland during fetal development or following birth
may also be caused by mutations in gene that regulate its syntheiss and secretion
excess growth hormone
usually caused by benign tumor of the cells of the pit gland, tumors in children are very rare and they cause excessive growth that may lead to extreme height - gigantism and features of acromegaly (enlargement of the distal or acral parts of the body and this means the hands feet chin and nose) enlargement due to overgrowth of cart , muscles, subcutaneous and skin - prominent jaw, large nose, large hands and feet as well enlargement of most other tissues including tongue heart / liver and kidneys
kidney produces what hormones?
Renin - enzyme made by special cells in kidney and part of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system a chain reaction that helps regulate blood pressure specifically renin controls aldosterone production and aldosterone is a hormone made by adrenal glands, renin release into blood when blood pressure drops too low or when there is not enough sodium in body
and EPO (erythoropoietin) - interstitial cells in kidney make this, acts on red blood cells to protect them against destruction and stimulates stem cells of bone marrow to increase production of RBCs
pancrease produces what hormones
glucagon - works with others hormones and bodily functions to control glucose levels in blood, keeps blood glucose from dropping to low
helps it rise back up in many ways, makes liver to convert stored glucose into a useable form and then release it into the blood stream and also stops the liver from taking in and storing glucose so more of it stays in the blood, helps the body make glucose from other sources such as amino acids
insulin - helps keep blood glucose from rising too high, insulin allows the cells in the muscles fat and liver to absorb the glucose in the blood, glucose serves as energy to the cells or it can be converted into fat when needed, insulin also effects the breakdown of fat or protein, the most common problem associated with insulin is diabetes
the two hormones counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose
is adipose tissue just inert tissue that stores fat?
no, adipose tissue metabolism exerts an impact on whole body metabolism, as an endocrine organ it is responsible for secreting leptin, other cytokines, growth factors and metabolizes sex hormones and glucocorticoids
control of nutritional intake, sensitivity to insulin, inflammatory process mediators and pathways
complex essential and highly active metabolic / endocrine organ - connects connective tissue matrix/nerve tissue/vascular cells/immune cells and together function as an integrated unit
adipose tissue responds to afferent signals from hormone systems and the CNS and expresses and secretes factors with important endo functions
diabetes, pancreatic tumors, Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, polysystic ovarian syndrome, GH deficiency are associated with
obesity
AGING and the endo system
subtle changes that occur in our endo system, Neuroendocrine theory of aging that cells within these organs are programmed to function for a given time
I.E.
menopause a result of program changes in reproduction system
